Transcript Carbon compounds - Sonoma Valley High School

Carbon compounds
The chemistry of life
Organic molecules
• Organic molecules
all contain Carbon.
• Usually bonded to
the elements N, H,
O.
• CHNOPS are the 6
most common
elements in
organisms (living
things).
Amino acid: alanine
Why Carbon?
• Can form up to 4
bonds.
• It can form single,
double or triple
bonds with other
atoms.
• Carbon is central to
large, organic
molecules
• It is the ‘backbone’
of the molecule.
Left side: what does ‘backbone’ mean in this context?
Single bonds
Triple bonds
Double bonds
monomers
• Monomers are simple
compounds that can be
bonded together to form
larger ones.
• 3 important ones are:
– sugars
– amino acids
– Nitrogen bases
sugar
Amino acid
Left side: what does ‘mono’ mean?
Nitrogen base
macromolecules
• Living organisms use 4
types of macromolecules for
most cellular functions.
• Macromolecules of made
up of monomers.
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic Acids
Computer generated image of
a protein
Left side: what does ‘macro’ mean?
Condensation reactions
• Condensation (dehydration) reactions link
monomers into polymers.
• Hydrolysis breaks polymers apart into building
blocks (monomers).
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• Linked to form
disaccharides.
– Ex: lactose,
sucrose, maltose.
• Glucose is C6H12O6.
• Isomers have same
formula but
different shape.
– Ex: Fructose &
galactose
Glucose
Carbohydrates
• Composed of sugars (mono).
• Only elements are: C,H, & O.
• Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio is
2:1.
• Used for structure and energy
storage.
• Most common
polysaccharides:
– Starch
– Cellulose (the most common
carbohydrate)
Plant Cell Walls
are made of
cellulose
Amino acids
The structure is a central
Carbon atom with a
Hydrogen, a carboxyl group,
amino group, and variable R
group attached
Left side: copy above picture and
Red:
carboxyl,
use your
book Blue:
to findamino
out the ‘amino’
and carboxyl group to label it?
There are 20
different aa
polypeptide
• A dipeptide is a
molecule composed
of 2 amino acids.
• Connected by a
covalent bond called
a peptide bond.
• Many amino acids
hooked together are
called a polypeptide.
Left side: what do ‘di’ & ‘poly’ mean?
Four polypeptides of hemoglobin
Proteins
• A protein is a
polymer of amino
acids.
• 20 different types of
amino acids are
found in nature.
• Proteins are for
structure, hormones,
and enzymes.
• Composed of
elements N,O,C,H.
A large protein
such as an enzyme
Nucleic acids
• Nucleic acids
include: DNA,
RNA, and ATP
– DNA and RNA are
the genetic material
for the cell
– ATP is an energy
storage molecule
Lipids
• Lipids are fats
– Most lipids are
hydrophobic/ nonpolar
– Lipids are used for
storing large amounts
of energy
– Phospholipids have a
polar and nonpolar end
• These molecules form
the cell membrane
Summary: Chart
• Make a 3 column chart of with a row for
each of the 4 macromolecules.
• Put the name of the macromolecule in the
first column, the monomers it is composed
of in the second, and the function in the
cell in the third.