Transcript Chapter 1 The Italian Renaissance and Protestant Reformation

Chapter 1 The Italian
Renaissance and Protestant
Reformation
1.1 The Italian Renaissance
• The Renaissance began • Renaissance means
in Florence Italy.
“re-birth”
• Italy survived the Black
Death during the 1300s. • It produced poets,
artists, architects,
• Black Death Brainpop
scholars, and scientists
• Bubonic Plague Song
in short span of time.
• Towns turned into cities
like: Venice, Milan and • Time of creativity and
Florence.
change in many
• Church officials, nobles,
areas-political, social,
merchants and artisans
economic, and
dominated the cities.
cultural.
Humanism
• Focused on worldly subjects rather than
on the religious
• Humanists focused on the individual’s
accomplishment.
• Humanities- grammar, poetry, history, Latin and
Greek.
• Vernacular-language of the people.
• Secular-world focus, not spiritual.
Italian Renaissance Writers
• Castiglione
• Wrote the book The
Book of the Courtier,
describes the
manners, skills,
learning, and virtues
that a member of the
court should have.
• Machiavelli
• The Prince, 1513,
guide to rulers on how
to gain and maintain
power.
• Urged rulers to used
whatever methods
were necessary to
achieve their goals.
Scientific Changes
• Nicholas Copernicus
suggested that the
Sun sat at the center
of the universe in
1543
• Galileo built telescope
and was arrested for
saying the Earth
moves around sun.
• He was correct!
Patrons of the Arts
• Wealthy people
bought and
showcase artwork.
• Lorenzo de Medici
was a member of
the wealthiest
family in Florence
they supported the
arts, giving lots of
money
Famous Artists
Leonardo da Vinci (1452)
• Botany, anatomy, music,
architect, engineer
• Dissected corpses to
learn how bones and
muscles work.
• Renaissance Man Song
• Mona Lisa and The Last
Supper
Michelangelo (1475) Brainpop
• Sculptor, engineer,
painter, architect
• Pieta, which captures the
sorrow of Mary as she
cradles the dead Christ
on her knees.
• Statue of David
• Sistine Chapel in Rome
painted ceiling
Raphael
(1483)
• Painter
• Raphael studied
Michelangelo and da
Vinci
• Blended Christian and
Classical styles.
• Best known for his tender
portrayals of the
Madonna, the mother of
Jesus.
• The School of Athens
1.2 The Renaissance
moves North
• Albrecht Durer
– “German Leonardo”
– Engravings
• Van Eycks
– 1400s
– Developed oil paint
• Pieter Bruegel
– Painter
– Peasants and daily life
Artists
• Erasmus (Dutch)
Humanists
– Translate Bible into vernacular
– Praise of Folly- corruption in church
• Thomas More (England)
– Utopia-Ideal society
• Shakespeare (England)
– 37 plays, 1,700 words introduced
Renaissance Writers Game
Effects of Printing Press
• Printing Press (1456)
– Invented by German
Johann Gutenberg Song
•
•
•
•
Bible 1st book printed
Books cheaper and easier to get
People learn to read, more educated
Exposed to new ideas- religious turmoil
• Renaissance Art Game
• Renaissance Review Game
1.3 The Protestant Reformation
Abuses in the Church
• Pope lived lavish
lifestyles
• Selling of indulgences“ticket to heaven”
– Being pardon for your sins
by the clergy of the church
• Fees for church services
– Marriage ceremony,
baptism, etc.
• Respect for Monks and
Priests declined
Martin Luther
• Martin Luther Song
• German monk 1517
• 95 Thesis
– Arguments against Roman Catholic Church posted on
doors in Whittenburg, Germany.
• Church wanted him to recant-give up his views
• Luther’s beliefs
– Salvation thru faith alone, banned indulgences and
confession, Jesus head of church not Pope, Bible is
truth.
Reactions to Luther’s Ideas
• Pope Leo X
excommunicated him
• 1529 Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V
tried to suppress
Lutherans in
Germany.
• German princes
issued protestatio,
protest against it.
• Word Protestant
created.
John Calvin (1536)
• Creates Calvinismbranch of Protestant
• Bible as only source
of religious truth
• Preached
Predestination- God
had already
determined your life.
• Belief the world is
divided into saints
and sinners.
• Set up a theocracy in
Geneva, Switzerland
– Govt. by the church
(chosen people by
God)
Church of England
(Anglican)
• King Henry VIII of
England wanted the pope
to annual or cancel his
marriage.
• Pope said no.
• Henry VIII took over the
English Church because
he wanted a son/divorce
from wife.
• He had one
daughter Mary.
• Henry VIII marries
4 more times, has
one son- Edward
VI.
Henry’s Heirs
• Henry VIII dies 1547
• Edward VI (Protestant) rules at
age 9 dies later in his teens.
• Mary Tudor (Catholic)
– She burns more than 300
Protestants at the stake
earning her the name “Bloody
Mary”
• Mary dies
• Elizabeth I, 1588 (Protestant).
– Restores the Anglican Church
– She persecuted many
Catholics.
Henry Wives Game
• Henry Wives Song
Catholic
Protestant
Lutheran
Calvinism
Church of
England
1.4 The Counter
Reformation
• The Counter Reformation- a time when
Catholics at all levels worked toward
reform (change) and fought against the
Protestant faith.
• Jesuits-founded by Ignatius of Loyola
– They believed education was the best way to
fight against Protestant. Set up missions,
schools and universities.
Council of Trent 1545
• Pope Paul III asked delegates to reexamined
Catholic practices and teachings.
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Reforms addressed corruption with clergy.
Training of priests regulated.
Selling of indulgences abolished.
Supported building of Jesuits schools
No compromise between Catholicism and
Protestantism.
• Inquisition- church court, used secret testimony,
torture, and execution to root out heresy (gossip)
– Index of Forbidden Books
– Against Jews, Protestants, and Muslims
Witch Hunt 1450-1750
• Tens of
thousands
women and poor
killed
• Scapegoatssomeone who
takes the fall or
becomes
blamed.
• Jews forced to
live in ghettos in
many cities
Religious Wars
• France and Spain
fought each other
over the Italian
peninsula. The Italian
Wars. 1494-1527
• Significance
– End the Italian
Renaissance
– Artists left Italy and
took their ideas and
techniques with them.
• Peasants War 1524
– Peasants unhappy
about high taxes and
lack of power in
Germany
– Martin Luther was
accused of starting it.
– He denounced it,
didn’t start it.
Peace of Augsburg
• In 1546, Charles V Holy
Roman Emperor began
war against Lutheran
princes of Germany
• Years of battle, 1555,
Peace of Augsburg signed
• Charles did not attend
signing of peace treaty
• Agreement allowed each
prince to choose religion
subjects would practice.
• Only choices for religion
were Catholicism and
Lutheranism
• Subjects had no say in
choice
• Still, seeds of religious
freedom had been planted