Transcript Protein /amino acids deficiency causes

 Defintion and Roles
 Why are they needed
 Protein Structure
 Sources of protein
 Biological Value of protein
 Protein Metabolism in ruminants
and monogastric
Protein
 Protein is an essential organic compound for
living cell and its highest concentration is
found in animal muscle.
 Protein is needed for growth, tissue
replacement, egg formation, energy and heat
combustion
 Protein consists of one or more amino acids
and absorbed into the body in the form of
amino acid
Why do animals need protein?
Protein /amino acids deficiency causes:
1. Slow growth rate
2. Egg production  low
3. Egg size  reduced
4. Feather growth  disturbed
5. High fat deposition in tissue
Severe Protein deficiency causes:
1. Loss of growth approximately 6-7%
2. Hair losses
3. Egg production  stop
Excess of protein/amino acids supply causes:
1. More moist feces due to increase of water
consumption needed to excrete uric acid
2. Animals stress shown by the increase in adrenal
glands production
3. Growth reduction
4. Reduction in fat deposition
How Protein in the feedstuff is measured?
1. Crude Protein = N * 6.25 by Kjeldahl method
Compunds containing N include:
1. Protein, amino acids
2. Non-Protein Nitrogen (amines, nitrate,
nitrogenous glycisides, glycolipid, vit B, nucleic
acid)
How protein in feedstuff is measured (cont...)
2. Pure Protein
Commonly used for poultry
Determined by separating NPN using Cupric hydroxide or by
heating
3. Amino Acids
Amino acids are measured using HPLC method
Amino acids composition in some Feedstuff
Feedstuff
Fishmeal
Lysin (%)
4.51
Methionin (%)
1.63
Soybean meal
Maize
Rice bran
2.69
0.26
0.59
0,62
0.18
0.26
Use of Protein/Amino Acids in the body

Monogastric or Poultry
- Protein digestibility occurs in stomach and small intestine to
produce amino acids for absorption
- Not all feed protein consumed is utilised for production and
this in reflected in digestibility value of each feedstuff
- Quality of protein or amino acids will influence quality of the
products
Protein Digestibility of some poultry ingredients (True
digestible protein %)
Feestuff
Wheat
Sorghum
True Digestible Protein
(%)
86.9
60.4
Corn gluten
Corn gluten meal
Soybean meal 48%
Soybean meal 50%
92.9
93.0
89.2
92.4
Meat meal (low quality)
66.1
Meat meal (high quality)
78.4
Fish meal (60%)
88.8
Fish meal (72%)
88.8
Use of Protein/Amino Acids in the body

Ruminants
- Protein digestibility occurs in rumen, abmasum and
duodenum
- Protein entering rumen will be digested into ammonia for
microbial growth  protein synthesis
- Protein directly goes to abomasum without being degraded
in the rumen is called Bypass Protein.
Digestible protein in ruminants
protein
peptide
peptdase
aa
protease
fa
co2
nh3
A
T
P
BLOOD VESSEL
UREA
(EXCRETED IN URINE)
Microbial
protein
Protein Degradation in the Rumen

Approximately 40% of rumen bacterials have
proteolityc activity

Protease attached in the surface of feed particle
and ready to have contact with any substrates

Enzymes have an optimal action at pH 6-7

Deamination of AA forms branch chain of VFA such
as: iso-butyric acid, valeric acid, iso-leucin. The
branch chains are used as precursor for microbial
growth
Protozoa cannot use NH3, but they use N coming from
digestible microbes by intracelluler protease enzime
NH3 may be originated from NPN (grass or silage)
P or S sources need to be supplied from the feed for
microbial protein synthesis. Phosphate for nucleic
acid, whilst S for metionin and sistein synthesis in the
microbial protein
Breakdown of
Protein in the feed
NH3 in rumen
content
Biosynthesis of microbial
protein
Absorption into the blood
Recycling of urea
Transfer to Posterior
Digestibility of poultry feeds
a. Apparent AA digestibility (%)
AA consumption - AA excreted
------------------------------------------------- x 100%
AA consumption
b. True AA digestibility (%)
AA consumption – (AA excreted-Endog AA)
------------------------------------------------------------------- x 100%
AA consumption