Transcript The Renaissance

Free-Write
What should we
expect from our
leaders?
Provide your answer with an
example and explanation.
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Should religion be
tied to politics?
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Why is love so
complicated?
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What is the ideal
society?
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Why do people
seek power?
The Renaissance
The renewal of the human spirit
1485-1660
“Knowledge is Power“
-Francis Bacon
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Renaissance = rebirth
Renewed interest in classical learning, (writing of
ancient Greece and Rome.)
Middle ages: most European scholars had
forgotten the Greek language,
Very few ordinary people could read
Encouraged to concentrate on texts promoting
Church doctrine.
Fifteenth-Century Scholars
Fifteenth Century scholars rediscovered the
writings of ancient Greece and Rome.
 People became more curious about themselves
and their world.
 Humanists rediscovered Greek and Latin
classics to teach people how to live and rule.
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Two Friends—Two Humanists
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Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536)
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Thomas More (1477?-1535)
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Dutch monk
Writer
Taught at Cambridge University
Wrote Utopia (1516)
Was knighted by the king
Became one of the king’s chief ministers
Beheaded by King Henry VIII
Both Helped shape European thought and history.
Ridiculed old superstitions, ignorance and idleness
of monks and the loose living and personal wealth
of priests and bishops.
Who is the Renaissance
Man?
Thomas Jefferson
,
author of
The Declaration of Independence.
Italian Renaissance
1400s-1600s
Leonardo
da Vinci
Michelangelo
Christopher Columbus
Galileo
Roman Catholics
Church was rich, powerful and
political
Pope Julian II
Commissioned the artist Michelangelo to paint
gigantic scenes from the Bible on the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel in The Vatican
Two Great Sources of Wisdom
The
Bible
The Classics
Johannes Gutenberg
1400?-1468
No computers, no printers. All books were
written by hand.
 Gutenberg hand printed the first completed
book around 1455.
 Gutenberg’s printing press helped spread the
new knowledge.
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Reformation
Rejection of the pope and Italian churchmen.
 Strong feelings of patriotism and national
identity.
 Resentment of financial burdens imposed on
them by the Vatican.
 New religious ideas were coming into
England from the Continent, especially from
Germany.
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Martin Luther
1483-1546
German Monk who
founded a new kind of
Christianity.
(Lutheran)
 Based on a personal
understanding of the
Bible.
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King vs. Pope
Henry VIII wanted a divorce after 24 years of
marriage.
 Divorce was not allowed, especially for kings.
 Asked Pope to declare he was not properly
married.
 Leviticus
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Motives for Divorce
Catherine of Aragon
had borne him a
princess.
 Too old to give him a
male heir.
 Catherine had lost five
babies.
 King wished to marry
Anne Boleyn.
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So what does the King do?
Pope could not grant divorce even if he
wanted to.
 Pope was controlled by Queen Catherine’s
nephew, the emperor of Spain.
 1533 – Henry declares himself head of the
English Church.
 Appointed a new archbishop of Canterbury
who granted the divorce.
 Places Catherine under house arrest for
refusal to accept annulment.
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Closed all of England’s monasteries
 Sold the rich buildings and lands to his
subjects.
 Most agreed but some didn’t.
 Those that didn’t lost their head.
 King’s Rule was “bold” and “bloody.”
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Protestantism
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Opposed by many
Not reformed enough
Copy of Catholicism
Dissidents: Puritans, Baptists, Presbyterians,
Dissenters, and Nonconformists
Wanted to get rid of “popish” things.
Bishops
 Prayer book
 Priest’s vestments
 Church bells
 Stained glass windows
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The Five Tudor rulers of England
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Henry VII – grandfather (1457-1509)Welsh nobleman who
seized the throne after the War of the Roses.
Henry VIII Also a “Renaissance Man” – Father (r.15091547) had 6 wives:
 Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour,
Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr.
 Divorced, beheaded, died,
Divorced, beheaded, survived.
 Was a womanizer
 Created the Royal Navy
 Put a stop to foreign invasions of England
 Provided the means to spread its political power, language,
and literature all over the globe.
 Wrote poetry, played instruments, was an athlete, hunter
 Patronized the new humanistic learning.
Henry’s Six Wives
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Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
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Crowned at the age of 9
Son of Henry and Jane Seymore.
Intelligent but sickly
Ruled in name only while his relatives wielded the actual
power.
Died of tuberculosis
Mary Tudor (r 1553-1558)
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Devout, strong-willed Catholic determined to avenge the
wrongs done to her mother.
Restored the pope’s power in England
Ruthlessly hunted down Protestants.
Burned @ 300 subjects at the stake
At 37 she married Philip II(26), King of Spain & lost
support of her subjects.
Bloody Mary
Died of a fever, childless
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Elizabeth I – (r. 1558-1603) One of the most
brilliant and successful monarchs in history.
 Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
 Restored law and order.
 Reestablished the Church of England
 Rejected the popes’ authority
 Excommunicated
 Pretended to marry widowed brother-in-law King
Philip to appease Spain.
 Remained “the Virgin Queen”
 Dedicated to country never letting anything in
her way.
 What colony in America is dedicated to her by
name?
Renaissance Fashion
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Men’s Fashion
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Women’s Fashion
More Fashion
Symbols and Signs
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Green = love
White and tawny =
patience and adversity
Pansy = sadness
Snake = flattery
White and black =
chastity
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
(r. December 14, 1542 – July 24, 1567)
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Cousin of Elizabeth I
 Married to Francis II of France
(1558-1560)
 Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
(1565-1567)
 James Hepburn Earl of Bothwell
(1567-1578)
Daughter of James V of Scotland
and Mary of Guise; Mother to James
VI and I
Heir to England’s throne
Catholic
Put under house arrest
Beheaded by Queen Elizabeth I
King Philip of Spain
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Used Mary’s execution as an excuse to
invade England
Spanish Armada destroyed by
England’s Royal Navy
Insured Northern Europe’s
independence from powerful Catholic
countries of the Mediterranean.
What’s the difference?
All of North America might be
speaking Spanish instead of
English.
Political Events and Literature
The English started writing as never before.
 Elizabeth became a symbol of peace, security
and prosperity.
 Inspired scores of English authors.
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James VI of Scotland
James I of England
(r. 1603-1625)
Second cousin to Elizabeth
 Son of Mary and Henry Stuart (1st cousins).
 Spendthrift
 Thick-tongued and goggle-eyed
 Foreigner
 Wrote learned books in favor of the divine right of kings
and against tobacco
 Patronized Shakespeare
 Sponsored a new translation of the Bible
 Admirable, benevolent, peaceful
 Not a good relationship with his subjects
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Charles I
(r. 1625-1649)
Son of James.
 Remote, autocratic and
self-destructive.
 HIS most powerful
subjects had him
beheaded in 1649.
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Oliver Cromwell
For the next eleven
years, England was
ruled by Parliament—
not an anointed king.
 Oliver Cromwell was a
Puritan dictator.
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Charles II
1660
Son of Charles I
 Returned from exile in
France
 Self-indulgent
 England had already
changed in may ways.
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The End of the Renaissance
Marked by the return of the exiled king in
1660.
 Renaissance values were primarily moral
and religious.
 Gradually eroded.
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John Milton
The last great writer of
the English
Renaissance.
 Lived on into an age in
which educated people
were becoming more
worldly.
 Scientific truths were
soon to challenge longaccepted beliefs.
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The Jewish side to the renaissance
Shylock – Money lender (The Merchant of Venice)
Portrayed as cruel and greedy, incapable of mercy.
 Usurer – one who lends money with interest.
Considered sinful by the Christian church. Since
Jews were not allowed to own land, they became the
people who handled money.
 Venice – (Italy) dealt with Jews by segregating
them in ghettos and charging them extra taxes.
 Oliver Cromwell – officially allowed Jews to return
to England.
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The Life and Times of
William Shakespeare
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I. Shakespeare’s Timeline
A. 1564-1580 His Childhood
1. Born April 23, 1564, in Stratford
on Avon, England to a middle class
family.
2. His parents: John Shakespeare
and Mary (Arden)
B. 1580-1587 His Marriage and
Family
1. Married Anne Hathaway; he was 18, she
was 26
2. They had 3 children:
A. 1583 – Susana Shakespeare is born.
B. 1585 – Twins, Judith and Hamnet
Shakespeare are born.
3. 1596 – Hamnet dies at the age of eleven.
C. 1592-1600 – The First Decade of
Writing
1. 1601-1606 Wrote major tragedies
2. 1606-1610 Wrote major romances
D.
E.
1610-1616 He retired to Stratford on
Avon, England
1616 – Died on his 52nd birthday
II. Career in London
A.
B.
C.
1594-1608 He was London’s most
popular playwright.
He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets ( a
sonnet is a poem consisting of 14 lines.
1610 – Retired to Stratford on Avon.
III. Themes
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B.
C.
D.
Revenge
Jealousy
Feuding and Prejudice
Good vs. Evil (he believed very firmly
that there is a divinity that shapes our
destiny)
IV. Structure of Shakespeare’s Plays.
ACT III Crisis or turning point
ACT II –
Rising Action
(Complications)
ACT I Exposition
ACT IV –
Falling Action
ACT VClimax & Resolution