Transcript Chapter 2 Review PPT

Intro to Biology
Review
http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html
Particle found in the nucleus of
an atom with a positive charge
proton
Scale used to measure acidity
pH
Glucose
↑
Which of these molecules could be used to
make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?
The simple sugar that cells burn to
release energy is
_______________.
glucose
Give an example of a monosaccharide
Glucose, galactose, fructose,
ribose, deoxyribose,
carbohydrate
A monosaccharide is a ______________
Lipid
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
protein
Many genetic diseases result from the production of
enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a
change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly
or not at all?
Changing its shape can alter the shape of the
active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects
how the enzyme works
Which of these molecules is a protein?
Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids
you learned about.
DNA and RNA
Give an example of a polysaccharide
Cellulose, glycogen, starch
Proteins that help chemical
reactions happen faster
enzymes
= ___________
Enzymes work by ____________
decreasing
the activation energy required to
get a chemical reaction started.
increasing
decreasing
Structural polysaccharide used to
make plants sturdy
cellulose
Special kind of nucleotide used by
cells to store the energy released
from burning glucose.
ATP
RIBOSE
Image by Riedell
↑
Which of these molecules stores genetic info?
What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen
What is the chemical formula for
water?
H2O
Give an example of a heterotroph
Any animal (including humans),
Most bacteria
The 3 smaller particles found inside
neutrons
atoms are ____________,
_____________.
protons
and _____________.
electrons
Name this reaction
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
dehydration synthesisLosing water to make a bond
Name the 4 molecules that are
important for all living things
Proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids
Atomic particle with a negative
charge electron
Name one characteristic of water
that makes it important for living cells.
Good solvent
(lots of substances dissolve in it)
Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp
(good for homeostasis)
Makes hydrogen bonds
(water molecules stick together)
Participant/product in many chemical
reactions (helps metabolism)
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an
__________
atom at very high speeds in
different energy levels.
Protons
neutrons
electrons
What kind of electric charge do
electrons have? negative
MOLECULES that have an uneven
pattern of electric charge (more + on one
side; more – on the other) are called
______________
polar
ATOMS that have gained or lost
electrons so that they have an electric
ions
charge are called ______.
HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen
in your blood, INSULIN that helps
cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE
proteins
ENZYMES are all _____________.
Proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic
acids
lipids
carbohydrate
Glucose is a _______________.
Protein
carbohydrate
nucleic
acid
lipid
Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?
Name this reaction
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg
Hydrolysis(adding water to break a bond)
Which of these molecules is an amino acid ?
Look closely! They all are.
Look for the groups
on the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R
Which of the following is TRUE?
Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.
F Simple sugars are monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars.
RNA molecules are made of nucleotides.
TRUE
Amino acids are made of proteins
F Proteins are made of amino acids
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose.
TRUE
In polymerization, complex molecules are
formed by the joining together of
_______________
D. monomers
A. macromolecules
B. carbohydrates
C. polymers
D. monomers
↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?
Give a function for nucleic acids in cells
Store genetic info (DNA)
transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA)
protein synthesis (RNA)
How many different amino acids are
used by all living things to make
proteins?
20
The subunits that make nucleic acids
nucleotides
are called _____________
amino acids
carbohydrates
nucleotides
Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, and
starch are all examples of
________________.
carbohydrates
Carbon is an important atom
____________
to living things because it can form
bonds with 4 other atoms at once
to make chains, rings, and many
different kinds of molecules.
Name 4 of the 6 atoms important
for making molecules used in cells.
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,
sulfur, OR phosphorus
Double stranded nucleic acid molecule
containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases
found in chromosomes that stores
genetic information
DNA
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Macromolecule made by joining
MANY sugar molecules together in a
chain
polysaccharide
Amino acid subunits join together
proteins
to make _______________
Lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic
acids
proteins
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine,
Guanine, and Uracil are used to make
Nucleotides
_____________________
polysaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides
lipids
Name 3 of the many functions of
proteins that you learned about
Act as enzymes
Transport (Help move substances in & out of cells)
Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes)
Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella)
Act as hormones (insulin)
Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins)
Structural (make cell membranes)
Fight germs (antibodies)
carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin)
control blood sugar (insulin)
↑
Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?
Name a function of carbohydrates in
cells.
Burn for energy
Store energy for later
Structural (cellulose makes plants sturdy)
Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)
Match the building block with the molecule it makes.
Proteins
nucleic acids
lipids
carbohydrates
Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell
Nucleic
acids
____________________
Proteins
____________________
Carbohydrates
____________________
Glucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
What property of carbon allows it to
form so many different kinds of
molecules?
Can join 4 other atoms at same time
What are some factors that can
influence an enzyme’s activity?
Temperature & pH
Name one of the properties of water that
make it important for living things
Its polar
so it dissolves many different substances
It doesn’t change temperature easily
so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp)
It forms hydrogen bonds
so molecules stick together
It is an important participant/product
in many chemical reactions
Tell one way DNA is different from RNA
DNA
Double stranded
Contains A,T,C,G
No U
sugar = deoxyribose
Stores genetic info
RNA
single stranded
Contains A,U,C,G
no T
sugar = ribosose
transfers info
from nucleus to
out to cell
Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction:
Image by Riedell
enzyme
A = ________________
B = ________________
active site
C = ________________
substrate
enyzme-substrate complex
D = ________________
products
E = ________________
The subunits made of a nitrogen
base, and sugar, and a phosphate
group used to make nucleic acids
nucleotides
Polysaccharide used by animal cells
to store glucose for later
glycogen
http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
Kind of lipid made from carbon and
hydrogen joined in rings instead of
chains that make up cell membranes and
can act as hormones
steroids
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?
Carbohydrate molecule like glucose
that is made from only ONE sugar
molecule
monosaccharide
Scale used to measure acidity
pH
Molecule formed when a substrate bonds
to the active site of an enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide
#1
#3
#2
nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)
#1 = __________________
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
#2 = __________________
phosphate
#3 = __________________
Molecule that is REALLY,
REALLY BIG
macromolecule
Stimulus that comes from inside
an organism
internal stimulus
Neutral particle found in the
nucleus of an atom neutron
Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or
cellulose, made by joining many
monosaccharide (sugar) molecules
together polysaccharide
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
5 carbon sugar used to
make RNA
ribose
Substances produced during a chemical
reaction that are found on the right
side of a chemical equation
products
All the chemical reactions through
which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials as it carries out
its life processes
metabolism
Organism made of many cells
multicellular
Molecules found in living things
that contain CARBON
organic
Protein that carries oxygen found
in red blood cells
hemoglobin
Kind of chemical reaction used by cells
to join molecules together by removing
an H and OH to make a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
Small unit that can join together with
other small units to form polymers
monomer
Image by Riedell
Which of these molecules could be used to
make an RNA molecule?
The carbohydrate molecule that
cells burn to release energy
glucose
Place on an enzyme where the
substrate attaches
Active site
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
Double stranded nucleic acid molecule
containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases
found in chromosomes that stores
genetic information
DNA
Macromolecule made by joining
MANY sugar molecules together in a
chain
polysaccharide
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide?
Energy required to get a
chemical reaction started
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
Activation energy
Substance that speeds up a chemical
reaction by decreasing the
activation energy
catalyst
Protein that acts as a biological
catalyst in living things to help
chemical reactions happen faster
enzyme
Attraction between oppositely charged
regions of nearby molecules involving
the hydrogen atoms of one molecule
and the partially
negatively charged
atoms in another
molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Which of these molecules is an amino acid?
Macromolecule that contains carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made
by joining amino acid subunits
protein
Molecule with an uneven pattern of
electric charges; More + on one side/
more – on the other
polar
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
5 carbon sugar used to make DNA
deoxyribose
An atom that has gained or lost
electrons so it has an electric charge
ion
Substances on the left side of a
chemical equation which react
reactants
Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of
1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of
energy for the human body
carbohydrate
Large molecule made by joining
smaller monomer subunits together
polymer
Image by Riedell
Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and
hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and
waxes and steroids, which is generally
hydrophobic
lipid
Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits
containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and
transports information in cells and helps
in protein synthesis
nucleic acid
Single stranded nucleic acid that contains
the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Subunit used to make proteins made up
of a carbon atom attached to
a hydrogen,
a carboxyl group (-COOH),
an amino group
(-NH2) , and a variable R group
Amino acid
Image by Riedell
Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells
to store glucose for later
starch
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RIBOSE
Which of these molecules is used by cells
to store and transport energy?