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Exercise and Sport Nutrition
Chapter 6
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
What is Exercise and Sport Nutrition?
• Promotion of optimal intake of nutrients for tissue
maintenance, repair, and growth and for providing the
body with sufficient energy without an excess energy
intake
• Optimal nutrient intake can:
– Reduce the risk of disease conditions
– Enhance sport and athletic performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
What is Exercise and Sport Nutrition?
• The relationship between nutritional intake and several
disease conditions
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
What is Exercise and Sport Nutrition?
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Development of Nutrition for Health
• Early influences
– Experiments lead to an understanding of proper iron
and protein intake
– Development of procedures for measuring energy
expenditure
• Recent influences
– Epidemiological studies such as Framingham Heart
Study and NHANES
– Formation of the American Dietetic Association (ADA)
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Development of Nutrition for Health
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Development of Nutrition for Sport
• Early influences
– Importance of consumption of protein and
carbohydrate for improved performance
• Recent influences
– Development of the muscle biopsy procedure
– Performance enhancement following consumption of
vitamin and mineral supplements
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrients for Health and Performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrients for Health and Performance
• Complex carbohydrates
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Nutrients for Health and Performance
• Different sources of dietary protein
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Measuring Nutritional Intake
• Dietary Recall
– Individual reports intake over the previous 24-hour
period
• Dietary Record
– Individual records the types and amounts of foods
consumed over a time period (e.g. 3 or 7 days)
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Measuring Nutritional Intake
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Nutrition for Health
• Epidemiology studies have demonstrated relationships
between diet and increased risk for cardiovascular
disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus,
osteoporosis, and certain forms of cancer
• Nutritional programs
– D.A.S.H.
– Fruits & Veggies More Matters
– We Can!
– FRESH START
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Nutrition for Health
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Health
• Dietary Guidelines for Health
– Updated every 5 years
– USDA Food Guide
– Dietary reference intake (DRI)
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Current Nutritional Issues for Health
• Role of macronutrient content on weight management
• Development of educational strategies for promoting
healthy eating
• Role of high glycemic index foods on disease risk
• Vitamin and mineral supplements in preventing chronic
disease
• Herbal supplements and health and disease risk
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Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
• Carbohydrate Intake
– Blood glucose and muscle glycogen provide energy
for exercise
– Important during moderate to high intensity exercise
– Sufficient carbohydrate intake is necessary to:
• Replenish muscle glycogen levels following training
• Create an anabolic environment that promotes
muscle repair and protein synthesis
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
• Consumption of adequate amounts and types of protein
is important for ensuring the optimal performance
• Probably best to consume protein in several meals
throughout the day
– amino acids are readily available to the body tissues
for continued protein synthesis
• Processed protein supplements are used by athletes as
an economical and convenient source of dietary protein
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
• Factors affecting daily protein requirements
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
• Vitamin and Mineral Intake
– Vitamins play important roles in energy production
and tissue metabolism
– Minerals are important component of metabolic
reactions in the body (e.g. energy production and
muscle contraction)
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
• Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement
– Loss of 2% of total body water can impact
performance
– Electrolytes are lost predominately in sweat
– Reduction in electrolytes can impair performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
• Ergogenic aids
– Substances that improve performance during training
or competition
– Biomechanical
– Nutritional
– Pharmacologic
– Physiologic
– Psychological
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Nutrition for Sport and Athletic
Performance
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Summary
• Exercise and sport nutrition can be used to enhance
health, reduce the risk for disease, and improve sport
and athletic performance.
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine