Transcript Midterm Review Notes

Objective: You will be able to differentiate
between living and nonliving things.
Do Now:
– Open your notebook to the inside cover
– Write the following:
• Living Environment midterm: Tuesday, January 24th @ 10:53
• May need to take the morning bus!
Characteristics of living things
• All living things must perform certain
functions to stay alive
• Non living things do not do all of these
• What activities can you think of?
Life Functions
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Nutrition
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Cell Respiration
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Respond to the environment
Excretion
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Combine simple substances
Growth
Reproduce
Regulation
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Moving things throughout itself
Synthesis
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Breakdown food to release energy
Transport
•
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Obtain and breakdown nutrients
Ridding itself of waste
Response
•
React to internal or external stimuli
Life Characteristics
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Homeostasis
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Metabolism
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Maintain a stable internal environment
All of the chemical reactions in the organism
Cells
•
All organisms are made up of at least one cell
Living things and cells
•
•
•
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All living things are made up of one or
more cells
Cells are the functional unit of living
things
Some organisms have only one cell and
are called unicellular
Some are even made up of trillions of
cells
Do you smell
what the Rock’s
cooking?
Organization levels
•
Biologists break life down into different
levels
– This makes it easier to study life
•
The order from smallest to largest
– Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and
organism
Cells make up living things
Tissues are groups of cells that work
together
Organs are made of tissues working
together
Organ systems are made of organs that
work together
Organism is made of a group of
organ systems working together
Objective: You will be able to give
the function of each cell organelle.
Do Now:
• Read, “Nucleus” on p. 176
• What is chromatin made of?
Objective: You will be able to
connect life functions to one or more
cell organelles.
Do Now:
• Begin filling the function of any organelle you
can remember
• Circle the three that are the most difficult for
you to remember
• Place a star next to the organelle that you
think is the most important
Activity
• Look through your definitions for life
functions.
• List a life function and the organelle(s) that
best match up with that life function
• Write a sentence why the two go together
• Ex. Transport -
Differences Between Animal and
Plant Cells
• Animal cells are round and plant cells are
rectangular
• Animal cells have lysosomes and
centrioles
• Animal cells have small vacuoles and
plant cells have one large vacuole
• Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell
wall
Cork Cells
Human Cheek Cells
Onion Cells
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Elodea Cell
Blood Cells
Objective: You will be able to differentiate
between passive and active transport.
Do Now:
List two differences between active and
passive transport
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the
Cell Membrane
Section 7-3
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Figure 7-19 Active Transport
Section 7-3
Molecule to
be carried
Energy
Molecule
being carried
Figure 8.10 The diffusion of solutes across membranes
Figure 7-15 Osmosis
Section 7-3
Figure 8.17 An electrogenic pump
Figure 8.15 The sodium-potassium pump: a specific case of active transport
Receptor
Objective: You will be able to compare and
contrast the photosynthesis and respiration
equations.
Do Now:
• Write the equations for both respiration and
photosynthesis.
– In a sentence write what happens to oxygen in each
equation.
– In a sentence write what happens to carbon dioxide in
each equation.
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon + Water
Dioxide
Glucose + Oxygen
Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
How can you remember the equation for
respiration?
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts is the site of photosynthesis
– Take in CO2 and Water to make glucose
– Has green pigment called chlorophyll to
capture sunlight
– Gives of Oxygen as a waste
VS.
Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis
Mesophyll
Chloroplast
5 µm
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Intermembrane
space
Thylakoid
space
Inner
membrane
1 µm
Global Warming
• Is partly caused by an increase of CO2 in
the air?
• Why would cutting down a forest and
leaving the trees to rot increase the effect
of global warming?
Objective: You will be able to describe the structure
and function of carbohydrates
Do Now:
 Read “Macromolecules” on p.
45
 Differentiate between
monomers and polymers
Inorganic versus
Organic
compounds
An Element in the Periodic Table
Section 2-1
6
1
C
H
Carbon
+
Hydrogen
Types of Organic
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
Carbohydrates
Functions
–Readily available source of
energy
–Energy storage
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
Benedicts tests for
Monosaccharides like
Glucose
Polysaccharides like
starch
Lipids have several functions:
 Long term energy storage
 Make up cell membranes
Structure of Lipids
 Consists of one glycerol and
three fatty acids
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
Protein Functions
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Makes up muscle tissue
• Transport materials
Protein Structure
• Made up of amino acids
– Proteins have 1000’s of amino acids joined
together
– But there are only 20 different amino acids
– The order you place them determine what protein
you make
Enzymes
• Catalysts can speed up or slow down a
reaction
• Organic catalysts are called enzymes.
• Why do we refer to enzymes as being
organic?
Enzymes
•
Enzymes are a type of protein.
•
End in -ase
•
What do we call the small units that we put together to make
proteins?
•
An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical reaction go faster
•
The enzyme does not get used up during the reaction so that it can be
reused again and again.
•
Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell to be able to reuse
enzymes?
Enzymes
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Enzymes work on molecules called substrates
•
The substrate actually fits into a spot on the enzyme called the active
site
•
Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their active site
•
Usually only one substrate can fit into the active site of a specific
enzyme
Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes as being specific?
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1 Substrates enter active site; enzyme
changes shape so its active site
embraces the substrates (induced fit).
Substrates
Enzyme-substrate
complex
6 Active site
Is available for
two new substrate
Mole.
Enzyme
5 Products are
Released.
Figure 8.17
Products
2 Substrates held in
active site by weak
interactions, such as
hydrogen bonds and
ionic bonds.
3 Active site (and R groups of
its amino acids) can lower EA
and speed up a reaction by
• acting as a template for
substrate orientation,
• stressing the substrates
and stabilizing the
transition state,
• providing a favorable
microenvironment,
• participating directly in the
catalytic reaction.
4 Substrates are
Converted into
Products.
What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs?
• Temperature
• pH
• These two factors affect enzymes because they
change its shape
• The substrate will not fit into the active site anymore
Figure 8.16a
Rate of reaction
Optimal temperature for
Optimal temperature for
typical human enzyme (37°C) enzyme of thermophilic
(heat-tolerant)
bacteria (77°C)
60
80
Temperature (°C)
(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes
0
20
40
100
120
Figure 8.16b
Rate of reaction
Optimal pH for pepsin
(stomach
enzyme)
0
5
pH
(b) Optimal pH for two enzymes
1
2
3
4
Optimal pH for trypsin
(intestinal
enzyme)
6
7
8
9
10
Objective: You will be able to design a scientific
experiment.
Do Now:
• Read “Explaining and Interpreting Evidence” on
p. 5
• Define Hypothesis
Scientific Experiments
• State a problem
• Provide a hypothesis
• Identify:
– Independent variable
– Dependent variable
• Control set up
• Give a conclusion
Example
• Problem
– Will a plant grow more in saltier water
• Hypothesis
– A lower salt concentration will make the plant
grow taller
• Independent variable is the salt
concentration
• Dependent variable is how tall the plants
grow
Pair Work
• Design an experiment to show which color
of light works best for photosynthesis.
• Go through the steps in the previous slide
• Each person needs to complete this in
their notebook
Objective: You will be able to design a scientific
experiment.
Do Now:
• Take the ditto at the back table
• Answer the questions individually
Now we are going to do a real
experiment.
• Which paper towel absorbs water the
best?
– Choices:
• Bounty
• Brown generic towels
• White school towels
Towel experiment
• Take out a new piece of paper. This will
count as one of the labs you need to sit for
the Regents.
• Write your name at the top
• Underneath your name, write the following
lab title “Paper Towel Absorbency”
Your Name
“Paper Towel Absorbency”
Purpose:
Materials: