Transcript energy for - Furman University

Energy and
Metabolism
I. Energy Basics
I.
Energy Basics
A. Forms of Energy
- energy is the capacity to cause change
I.
Energy Basics
A. Forms of Energy
- energy is the capacity to cause change
1. kinetic = energy of a moving body
- thermal = energy of moving atoms
- light = energy of moving photons
- electricity = energy of moving charge
2. potential = energy in matter due to location/structure
- potential kinetic (position)
- potential electric (like in a battery or across a membrane)
- chemical (energy that can be release by the breaking of chemical bonds)
I.
Energy Basics
A. Forms of Energy
B. Laws of Thermodynamics
I.
Energy Basics
A. Forms of Energy
B. Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Conservation of Energy:
Energy/matter can not be
created or destroyed, but it can be
transferred and transformed.
I.
Energy Basics
A. Forms of Energy
B. Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Conservation of Energy:
Energy/matter can not be
created or destroyed, but it can be
transferred and transformed.
2. Law of Entropy:
Every energy transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
Transformations
4H
2 He + E = light E
Light E
Thermal E of skin, water
Thermal E of skin
Thermal E of water
Potential on board
Kinetic of diver
Chemical E thermal body heat
Chemical E kinetic E of muscles
Kinetic E of muscles
Potential E on
board
Transformations
Inefficiencies
Open systems can increase in
local complexity as long as
“energy in” exceeds the energy
needed to increase the
complexity of the system; such
that there is still an increase in
“energy out” - the entropy of
the universe … so that the total
energy of the universe remains
constant and entropy increases.
PE
W
En
Transformations
Inefficiencies
Open systems can increase in
local complexity as long as
“energy in” exceeds the energy
needed to increase the
complexity of the system; such
that there is still an increase in
“energy out” - the entropy of
the universe … so that the total
energy of the universe remains
constant and entropy increases.
PE
Life
En
Transformations
Inefficiencies
Open systems can increase in
local complexity as long as
“energy in” exceeds the energy
needed to increase the
complexity of the system; such
that there is still an increase in
“energy out” - the entropy of
the universe … so that the total
energy of the universe remains
constant and entropy increases.
PE
Life
En
II. Metabolism Overview
A. Catabolism and Anabolism:
TO build a useful biomolecule (anabolism) or to do mechanical
work (kinetic energy), the matter and energy must come
from somewhere…. Except for photosynthesis, the source of
energy used in living systems is chemical potential energy,
harvested by catabolic processes called CELLULAR
RESPIRATION.
Chemical
Potential Energy
CATABOLISM
ENERGY FOR:
ANABOLISM
“ENTROPY”
WORK
+
+
Energy
Energy
+
Energy
Coupled
Reaction
ATP
ADP + P +
Coupled
Reaction
+
Energy
Energy
II. Metabolism Overview
A. Catabolism and Anabolism:
B. Cell Respiration:
Harvesting Energy
from Molecules
MONOMERS
and WASTE
MATTER and
ENERGY in
FOOD
DIGESTION AND CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
ADP + P
ATP
B. Cell Respiration:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
B. Cell Respiration:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
B. Cell Respiration:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present?
Aerobic Resp.
Oxygen Absent?
Anaerobic Resp.
B. Cell Respiration:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present?
Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
B. Cell Respiration:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present?
Gateway
CAC
ETC
LOTS OF ATP
Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
- Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas.
- All cells do this! (very primitive pathway)
- Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
ATP
ATP
ATP
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the
reaction going?
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
ATP
ATP
ATP
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-8
What's needed t keep the
reaction going?
Energy investment phase
Glucose
- glucose.... (moot)
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
ATP
ATP
ATP
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the
reaction going?
Energy investment phase
Glucose
- glucose....
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysisbut previous rxn
- ATP...
made some, so that's there
Energy payoff phase
ATP
ATP
ATP
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the
reaction going?
Energy investment phase
Glucose
- glucose....
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysisbut previous rxn
- ATP...
made some, so that's there
Energy payoff phase
ATP
ATP
ATP
- and you need NAD to
accept the electrons....
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the
reaction going?
Energy investment phase
Glucose
- glucose....
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysisbut previous rxn
- ATP...
made some, so that's there
Energy payoff phase
ATP
ATP
ATP
- and you need NAD to
accept the electrons....
AS GLYCOLYSIS
PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+]
DECLINES AND CAN
BECOME LIMITING....
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the
reaction going?
Energy investment phase
Glucose
- glucose....
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysisbut previous rxn
- ATP...
made some, so that's there
Energy payoff phase
ATP
ATP
ATP
- and you need NAD to
accept the electrons....
AS GLYCOLYSIS
PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+]
DECLINES AND CAN
BECOME LIMITING....
CELLS HAVE EVOLVED TO
RECYCLE NAD+..... SO
GLYCOLYSIS CAN
CONTINUE....
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-18
Glucose
CYTOSOL
NAD+
NAD+
PYRUVATE
Pyruvate
No O2 present
Fermentation
O2 present
Cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol
or
lactate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
B. Respiration
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation
LE 9-17a
2 ADP + 2 P i
Glucose
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD+
2 Ethanol
Alcohol fermentation
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 CO2
2 Acetaldehyde
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
- Glycolosis
a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation
b. in animals: Lactic Acid Fermentation
LE 9-17b
2 ADP + 2 P i
Glucose
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 NAD+
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate
2 Lactate
Lactic acid fermentation
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
- Glycolosis
a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation
b. in animals: Lactic Acid Fermentation
In both processes, NAD is recycled so glycolysis can continue… that is the
primary goal
Energy harvest by glycolysis can continue at a low rate.
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration (in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells)
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose)
a - Gateway step: 2C3
2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
LE 9-10
Gateway step: 2C3
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
energy harvested as NADH
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
Acetyl Co A
Pyruvate
Transport protein
CO2
Coenzyme A
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration (in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells)
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose)
a - Gateway step: 2C3
2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule
(citrate)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2)
and NAD accepts the energy…at
this point the acetyl group has
been split!!
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2)
and NAD accepts the energy…at
this point the acetyl group has
been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged,
regenerating the oxaloacetate;
releasing energy that is stored in
ATP, FADH, and NADH.
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2)
and NAD accepts the energy…at
this point the acetyl group has
been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged,
regenerating the oxaloacetate;
releasing energy that is stored in
ATP, FADH, and NADH.
5. In summary, the C2 acetyl is split
and the energy released is
trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3
NADH. (this occurs for EACH of
the 2 pyruvates from the initial
glucose).
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration
a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose)
b - Gateway step: 2C3
2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
d - Electron Transport Chain: transfer energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
LE 9-13
NADH
STORES
ENERGY
ATP
50
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
FADH2
40
FMN
I
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
Fe•S II
Fe•S
Q
ADP + P
III
Cyt b
30
Fe•S
electron
Cyt c1
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
IV
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
RELEASES
ENERGY
10
0
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
ATP
LE 9-13
NADH
STORES
ENERGY
ATP
50
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
FADH2
40
FMN
I
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
Fe•S II
Fe•S
Q
ADP + P
III
Cyt b
30
Fe•S
electron
Cyt c1
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
IV
Cyt c
Cyt a
ATP
Cyt a3
20
RELEASES
ENERGY
10
0
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
HEY!!! Here’s the first
time O2 shows up!!! It
is the final electron
acceptor, and water is
produced as a waste
product!
LE 9-15
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
ETC: energy and electrons from NADH
and FADH are used to pump H+
against gradient to inner membrane
space…potential E.
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
H+
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
Cyt c
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
Q
IV
III
I
ATP
synthase
II
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
FADH2
NADH + H+
2H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
FAD
NAD+
Mitochondrial
matrix
ATP
ADP + P i
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+
Electron transport chain
Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+),
Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis powered by the flow
of H+ back across the membrane
LE 9-15
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
ETC: energy and electrons from NADH
and FADH are used to pump H+
against gradient to inner membrane
space…potential E.
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
H+
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
Cyt c
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
Q
IV
III
I
ATP
synthase
II
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
FADH2
NADH + H+
2H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
FAD
NAD+
Mitochondrial
matrix
ATP
ADP + P i
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+
Electron transport chain
Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+),
Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis powered by the flow
of H+ back across the membrane
Chemiosmosis: E in
flow of H+ used to
make bond in ATP.
B. Respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration
a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose)
b - Gateway step: 2C3
2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
- OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR
- WATER is produced as a metabolic waste
- All carbons in glucose have been separated
- Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP
If O2 is NOT present, the ETC backs
up and NADH and FADH can’t give
up their electrons and H+ to the ETC
What happens then????
If O2 is NOT present, the ETC backs
up and NADH and FADH can’t give
up their electrons and H+ to the ETC
NADH is recycled through
FERMENTATION to NAD so at
least GLYCOLYSIS can continue!!
If O2 is NOT present, the ETC backs
up and NADH and FADH can’t give
up their electrons and H+ to the ETC
FOOD
ATP
ANABOLISM
CO2, water, and waste
ADP + P
WORK
Phosphorylation of myosin
causes it to toggle and bond
to actin; release of
phosphate causes it to
return to low energy state
and pull actin…contraction.
FOOD
ATP
ANABOLISM
CO2, water, and waste
ADP + P
WORK