Transcript Renal cortex Structures involved

Introduction
Page 456
1. What is the
major role of
the kidneys?
A. Filter
gallons of fluid
from the
bloodstream.
B. Process
the filtrate
C. Allows wastes and
excess ions to leave the
body in urine while
returning needed
substances to the blood
in just the right
proportions.
D. The kidneys bear the
major responsibility for
eliminating nitrogenous
wastes, toxins, and
drugs from the body.
•2. Discuss the
regulatory
responsibilities of
the kidneys:
• A. The enzyme RENIN
is produced by the
kidneys to help
regulate blood
pressure.
• B. The hormone
ERYTHROPOIETIN is
released by the kidney to
stimulate red blood cell
production in bone
marrow.
• C. The kidneys convert
vitamin D to its active
form.
• 3. What organs make
up the urinary system?
• Kidney, the paired
ureters, the single
urinary bladder, and
the urethra.
•KIDNEYS
(LOCATION AND
FUNCTION) PAGE
456
• 4. Where are the
kidneys located?
• Lies against the dorsal
back wall, midways the
body, partially covered
by the rib cage.
• 5. What is the size of
the kidney?
• 5 inches long, 2.5
inches wide, and 1 inch
thick. About the size of
a large bar of soap.
• 6. What is the HILUS?
• A. Medial indentation of
the kidney.
• B. Here, the ureters, the
renal blood vessels,
and nerves enter or
exit the kidney.
• 7. What do we find
atop of each kidney?
• The adrenal gland.
• 8. Describe the RENAL
CAPSULE:
• A fibrous transparent
capsule that covers the
kidney and gives it a
glossy appearance.
• 9. Describe the
Adipose Capsule:
• A fatty mass that
surrounds each kidney
and helps hold it in
place against the
muscles of the trunk
wall.
• 10. Label the following
picture: (location and
function of the kidney
page 457.)
• 11. Discuss
HYDRONEPHROSIS:
• A. Rapid weight loss
causes a reduction in
the adipose capsule.
• B. The kidneys slip
down from their
original position.
• C. The ureters become
kinked and tangled, Urine
backs up and starts
exerting pressure on the
kidney. If untreated,
kidney damage can occur.
• 12. Discuss the three
regions of the kidney:
Renal cortex
• Structures involved:
• Renal medulla
• Medullary pyramids
• Apex
• Renal columns
Renal cortex
• Function:
• Filtration
Calyces
• Structures involved:
• Extension of the renal
pelvis
Calyces
• Function:
• Cup shaped structure
that collects urine from
the renal cortex
Renal Pelvis
• Structures involved:
• Connected to the ureters
Renal Pelvis
• Function:
• Transfers urine out of
the kidney to the
bladder for storage.
Calyces
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Renal cortex
• 13. Discuss the blood
supply to and from the
kidney:
• A. Entering into the
hilus of each kidney is
the Renal Artery.
• B. Once inside the
kidney, the renal artery
subdivides into many
smaller arteries.
• C. These smaller
arteries carry the blood
deep into the renal
cortex where cleansing
of the blood occurs.
• D. The clean blood is
collected by smaller
veins which merge into
the Renal vein.
• E. The Renal vein then
exits the hilus carrying
the clean blood out of
the kidney.
• NEPHRON AND URINE
FORMATION (page 458)
• 16. Identify the
following nephron
structures:
Gomerulus
• Site of high powered
filtration.
Renal tubule
• Renal tubule is divided into various
regions. Name given based on its
location:
• Glomerular capsule
• Proximal convoluted tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Distal convoluted tubule
• 17. Discuss the
functional role of the
nephron:
• The nephron is
responsible for
filtration, reabsorption,
and secretion.
• 18. Discuss the
process of filtration
that occurs in the
nephron:
• A. Filtration is the job
of the high powered
glomerulus.
• B. Filtrate is mostly
blood plasma without
the blood cells. It
includes all substances
that have been filtered
out of the blood.
• 19. Discuss the
process of
reabsorption that
occurs in the nephron:
• In reabsorption, done
by tubule cells, amino
acids, glucose, water,
and some ions are
returned to the blood.
• 20. Discuss the
process of secretion
that occurs in the
nephron:
• A. The tubule cells will
secrete substances
into the filtrate that will
neutralize most toxins
that have been
removed.
• B. This secretion also
stabilizes ions that
have been removed.
• C. This secretion also
adjust the pH balance
of the filtrate, bringing
the pH to neutral.
• 22. What is the major
factor that affects
blood composition:
• 22. What is the major
factor that affects
blood composition:
• Our diet
• Cellular metabolism
• Urinary output
• 23. Explain how the
kidneys are involved in
maintaining blood
composition:
• A. Allows nitrogen
containing waste to go
out in the urine.
• B. Maintains water and
electrolyte balance by
absorbing more or less
water and reclaiming
ions in response to
hormonal signals.
• C. Maintains the acid
base balance by
actively secreting
bicarbonate ions and
by when it needs to
lower the pH, and by
secreting H+ when it
needs to raise the pH.
• 24. Describe Urine:
• A. Healthy urine is a
clear, maybe slightly
yellow, and a little
acidic.
• B. Substances
normally found in the
urine include
nitrogenous wastes,
water, and various
ions.
• URETERS, URINARY
BLADDER, AND
UTETHRA (page 468)
25. URETERS:
• Slender tubes running
from the kidneys to the
bladder.
• The ureters conduct urine
by peristalsis from the
kidney to the bladder.
• 26. URINARY
BLADDER
• A. A muscular sac
posterior to the pubic
symphysis.
• B. The function of the
urinary bladder is to
store urine.
• C. It has two inlets
(ureters) and one outlet
(urethra)
• D. In males the
prostate gland
surrounds the urethra
(outlet).
• 27. The URETHRA:
• A. The urethra is a tube
that leads urine from
the bladder to the body
exterior.
• B. In females, it is 3-4
cm long and conducts
only urine.
• C. In males, it is 20 cm
long and conducts
both urine and sperm.
• D. The internal
sphincter of smooth
muscles is at the
bladder – urethra
junction.
• E. The external sphincter of skeletal
muscle is located further down.
• 28. Micturition
• A. Micturition is the
emptying of the
bladder by urination.
• B. The micturition
reflex causes the
involuntary internal
sphincter to open when
stretch receptors in the
bladder wall are
stimulated.
• C. Since the external
sphincter is voluntarily
controlled, micturition
can ordinarily be
temporarily delayed.
• D. Incontinence is the
inability to control
micturition.
• DEVELOPMENTAL
ASPECTS OF THE
URINARY SYSTEM
(page 471)
• 29. When does
embryonic kidney
function begin?
• A. The kidneys begin
to develop in the first
few weeks of
embryonic life and are
excreting urine by the
third month.
• 30. Describe the
following congenital
kidney abnormalities:
• Polycystic kidney
• A. A degenerative
condition that runs in
families. .
• B. In this disease, one
or both kidneys are
enlarged and have
many blister – like sacs
containing urine.
• C. These cysts
interfere with renal
function by obstructing
urine drainage.
Treatment?
• Use antibiotics to fight
infection.
• Kidney transplant or
eventual death.
HYPOSPADIAS.
• Occurs in boy babies only.
• It occurs when the urethral
opening is on the side of the
penis instead at the end of the
penis.
• Corrective surgery is generally
done when the child is around
12 months old.
31. Common Urinary problems:
• Fecal microorganisms
• Sexually transmitted
disease organisms
• Streptococcus bacteria
32. What is renal failure and how
is it treated?
• Renal failure is uncommon.
• In renal failure, the kidneys are
unable to concentrate urine.
• Once renal failure has begun,
patient must go on dialysis. Here
the patient is hooked up to a
machine that filters the blood and
then pumps it back in.
33. How does Age affect the
kidney and kidney function?
• With age, filtration rate
decreases and tubule cells
become less efficient at
concentrating urine, leading t
urgency, frequency, and
incontinence.
• In males, urinary retention is
another common problem.