Transcript Respiration and Metabolism

Supplemental instruction
Cell respiration & Metabolism
•Aerobic respiration
•Catabolism & Anabolism
•Carbo., Fat, & protein metabolism
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Metabolism
: All body’s process that transform energy.
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Chemical reactions in Metabolism:
Reactants
• Anabolism
A + B + energy
Product

C
Form larger molecules
+ energy
• Catabolism

Reactant
C

Products
A + B + energy
Breaking down into smaller molecules

+ energy
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Mitochondia
“Power house”
Inhale: gain O2
Exhale: remove CO2
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ATP
= ADP + 3Pi
= An RNA Adenosine Nucleotide + 3Phosphates
-Universal(Major) energy carrier
ADP + Pi + energy ----> ATP
ATP ----> ADP + energy + Pi
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Cellular aerobic respiration (4 step)
Glycolysis  (The transition step)  Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
 The electron transport system
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NADH, FADH2
-RNA coenzyme (derived from Vitamin)
- electron
________________
transporter
-Used to temporarily store energy within the cell
NAD  NADH (Reduced/Oxidized)  Carried to ETC
: at Glycolysis, Krebs cycle
NADH  NAD (Reduced/Oxidized)
: at ETC ( Electron Transport Chain )
*The more reduced = the more energy it holds.
Reduced coenzymes carry high-energy electrons
to proton pumps where ATP is then made( ETC).
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Cellular aerobic respiration
-To obtain Energy
____________
or ATP
O2 to break down glucose
-Using _____
mitochondria
-Most occur in _______________
carbon dioxide
O2
water
Glucose
ATP  6CO2+ 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ……....…… 36
_______
(glucose)
But, net ___
30 ATP per glucose.
FATS & __________________
Protein(Amino Acids) can be broken down to
_______
recharge ATP.
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Glycolysis
-Occur in _________________.
Cytoplasm(Cytosol)
-Glucose needs to be traped!
 Glucose 6-phosphate
2 pyruvic acids
- produce ____________.
- NAD  NADH (reduced / oxidized).
1C6H12O6  2 Pyruvates
________ + 2 ATP
____ + 2NADH
_______
1glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi
 2 pyruvates + 2NADH + (2H+)+ 2 ATP
- Oxygen required? (Yes / No)
*All cells undergo glycolysis in either aerobic or anaerobic resp.
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Glycolysis
In the Glycolysis, what is the first step?
Glucose is phosphorylated to be trapped inside cell.
(glucose-6 phosphate)
Produce ATP by ___________________________.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
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After glycolysis…
In presence of oxygen
- Pyruvic acids enter ___________.
mitochondria
 converted to __________
Acetyl-CoA there.
 Kerbs Cycle!
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In absence of oxygen
- Pruvic acids are converted to __________.
lactic acids
- NADH  NAD (reduced / oxidized).
- Lactic acid is converted back to glucose in the Cori
_________.
cycle
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Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)
Begins with acetyl CoA
-Occur in ____________.
Mitochondria
-Circular pathway
-Oxygen required? (Yes / No)
-NAD  NADH; FAD  FADH2 (reduced / oxidized).
-GTP  ATP.
Yield….
-1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per Acetyl
-2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per Glucose
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Krebs cycle
-Aerobic respiration!
-The Krebs cycle does not directly require oxygen.
-None of the steps in the pathway directly use oxygen.
-The activity of the Krebs cycle is closely linked to the
availability of oxygen
-In the absence of oxygen, the Krebs cycle is inhibited.
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Electron transport system (ETC)
-Series of Redox Rxns.
-Occur in ____________.
Mitochondria
NADH and ________
FADH2
-Generates ATP from in _______
-Oxygen required? (Yes / No)
-NADH, FADH2 --- NAD, FAD (reduced/ oxidized)
Yield….
-32 ATP per Glucose
-Produce ATP by ___________________________.
oxidative phosphorylation
-What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen!
* Most ATPs are produced during (glycolysis / Krebs Cycle / ETC).
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ATP can be made 2 ways:
Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation
- Where ATP is generated when bonds break.
-“Spliting sugar” in glycolysis
2ATPs/glucose in cytoplasm.
- GTP  ATP in Kreb’s cycle
2ATPs/glucose in mitochondria.
http://archive.biosci.uga.edu/1996/spring_96/bio_104/notes/may_28.html
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-Oxidative phosphorylation in ETC
-Protons cannot easily diffuse back through membrane.
-Protons activate ATP synthase that
ADP + Pi  ATP
-30-32 ATPs made this way.
-inner membrane of mitochondria.
* ATP synthase
:Enzyme that can
synthesize adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
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Aerobic respiration
-Using _______
Oxygen to make ATP.
-Starts when pyruvate enters mitochondria.
Substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP.
-___________________________
Oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic respiration
-Oxygen (required /not required) to make ATP.
-only yields net gain of 2 ATPs per glucose.
-Occurs in skeletal and heart muscle.
O2 falls below critical levels.
when _______________________
-___________________________
Substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP.
-Red Blood Cells respire anerobically.
Don’t have mitochondria
Why? _____________________
-Skeletal muscle lasts (longer/shorter) than heart tissue under
anaerobic conditions.
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Cellular anaerobic respiration
-To obtain Energy
____________
or ATP in _________.
cytoplasm
-To break down glucose, oxygen required? (Yes / No)
-Most occur in _____________
___________
blood cells
skeletal muscle and Red
-__
2 ATPs per glucose
Do not have mitochondria
Glycolysis
C6H12O6
 2 pyruvate  2 C3H6O3 + 2ATP
(glucose)
(lactic acid)
-When the cells use anaerobic respiration?
ONLY when oxygen levels in the body are too low for aerobic
respiration.
Bursts of exercise when no increased breathing has occurred.
-Temporarily switch to anaerobic
respiration.
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Sustained exercise
-(increases/decreases) breathing rate to get
more ____.
O2
-(increases/decreases) heart rate to
____________________.
supply more O2 to cells
-Lactic acid fermentation happens in
_____________
frequently.
skeletal
muslce
Why do we feel fatigue after prolonged exercise?
Lactic acid accumulation causes muscle fatigue
(temporary weakness and burning sensation)
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C6H12O6
 2 pyruvate  2 C3H6O3 + 2ATP
(glucose)
(lactic acid)
Backward!
Cori Cycle
C6H12O6  2 C3H6O3 + 2ATP
(glucose)
(lactic acid)
From anaerobic respiration
-Lactic acid  Glucose
-Usually muscle cells (anaerobic cells ) release their lactic
_________
acid
into the blood.  The blood carries the lactic acid to the _____.
liver
glucose  The glucose is used by
 The liver makes _______.
cells
_______.
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Glucose is stored as ________
glycogen in skeletal muscle & liver.
Glycogenesis
___________
- generates glycogen.
- Liver & muscle.
Glycogenolysis
___________
- breaks it down.
- Liver & muscle
Gluconeogenesis
______________
-results in the generation of glucose.
-Mainly liver
_____ can produce a form of glucose and release glucose
into the blood.
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What if the cell has adequate amounts of ATP……
Glucose is converted to _________________
Glycogen
and __________.
Fats
(storage form) in the liver
and skeletal muscle
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Review lipids….
Phospholipids
_____________major component of
cell membranes; Acts as surfactant
Triglyceride
____________Formed in adipose
tissue
Steroid
____________made up of
hydrocarbon rings; cholesterol
Prostaglandins
____________- variant fatty acids
;many regulatory functions- tend to
act where they are produced
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Formation of fat usually occurs in _____
liver (organ) and _______
adipose tissue.
It is stored inside the liver cells and is converted to glucose,
which is then released into the blood for other organs to use.
“The liver is responsible for turning sugar
into fat and for turning fat into sugar.”
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When ATP is adequate and
blood glucose level is high, ….
Insulin promote the entry of
blood glucose into adipose
tissue!
Acetyl-CoA does not enter Krebs cycle.
Acetyl-CoA
__________ molecules are
converted to fatty acids &
cholesterol.
 Lipogenesis ~ formation of
fat.
 Anabolism!
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Glycolysis
Belly fat is stored energy. To get rid of the layer of fat you
need to burn more energy (calories) than you eat.
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To make ATP, other than glucose…..
____________
Lipids(Fats) & __________________
Protein(Amino Acids) can be broken down to
recharge ATP.  catabolism!
Fat molecules store energy most efficiently!
9 kcal energy/gram of fat
4 kcal energy/gram for carbohydrate or protein
Protein is the next choice to breakdown to
recharge ATP.
 since it involve the loss of muscle mass.
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Our body choose as a energy (ATP) source…
Glucose  Fat (lipids)  Protein
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When fasting, ATP from breakdown of fats(lipids)….
(or starving)
Lipolysis ~ breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues.
Ketone bodies can be used for energy.
Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/pages-3/Americansurged-to-stop-sending-junk-food-to-starving-people-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html
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Beta
oxidation
______________
is the process by which fatty acids, in
the form of Acyl-CoA molecules.
can be use energy in a few organs
Beta-oxidation
can be use energy
Acyl-CoA  enter Krebs cycle  APTs!!!
Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide
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Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide
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Breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues
Glycerol  used as energy
Fatty acids (beta oxidation)
 Acetyl CoA
Ketone bodies
(energy sources)
enters Krebs cycle
 APTs!
Fatty acids produce more APTs than glucose.
Do you remember?
9 kcal energy/gram of fat
4 kcal energy/gram for carbohydrate or protein.
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catabolism!
Protein is the last choice to breakdown to
recharge ATP.
 since it involve the loss of muscle mass.
Transamination ~ one amino acid to form another
Oxidative Deamination
-_________
Keto acids
can be used for energy.
catabolism!
-___________
Urea
waste products (urine)
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_____________
Ketone bodies from fatty acids(lipids) can be
used for energy.
_____________
Keto acids
from amino acids(protein) can be
used for energy.
catabolism!
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