Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates contraction

2
Basic Chemistry
PART A
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composition of Matter
 Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass
(weight) Ex: you, a table, air, plants, cup of water
 Elements: Fundamental units of matter
 96% of the body is made from four elements
 Carbon (C)
 Oxygen (O)
 Hydrogen (H)
 Nitrogen (N)
 Atoms: Building blocks of elements
 Elemental Oxygen has the same atoms
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Atomic Structure
 Nucleus
 Protons (p+)
 Neutrons (n0)
 Outside of nucleus
 Electrons (e-)
Figure 2.1
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Molecules and Compounds
 Molecule – two or more atoms combined
chemically. 02, CO2, H2O
 Compound – two or more different atoms
combined chemically
 Ex: CO2, H2O, CO
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
 Ionic Bonds: Form when electrons are
TRANSFERRED from one atom to another
Ex: Na gives one of its electrons to Cl
creating an ionic bond
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Chemical Bonds
 Covalent Bonds: atoms SHARE electrons
Figure 2.6c
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Patterns of Chemical Reactions
 Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)
 Atoms or molecules combine
 Energy is absorbed for bond formation
 Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)
 Molecule is broken down
 Chemical energy is released
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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.9a–b
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Patterns of Chemical Reactions
 Exchange reaction (ABAC+B)
 Involves both synthesis and decomposition
reactions
 Switch is made between molecule parts
and different molecules are made
Figure 2.9c
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Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
 Organic compounds
 Contain CARBON
 Includes Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and ATP
 Inorganic compounds
 Lack carbon
 Example: H2O (water)
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Important Inorganic Compounds
INORGANIC
 Water: Most abundant inorganic compounds
 Acts as a solvent, supports chemical
reactions, cushions
 Salts: easily dissociate into ions in water
 Vital to many body functions
 Include electrolytes which conduct
electrical currents
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
INORGANIC
 Acids: release H+ (hydrogen ions) in water
 Ex: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in stomach
 Bases: release OH- (hydroxide ions) in water
 Ex: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in cleaners
 Neutralization reaction
 Acids and bases react to form water and a
salt
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
pH
 Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
 pH 7 = neutral:
Water
 pH below 7 =
acidic
 pH above 7 = basic
 Buffers: chemicals
that can regulate
pH change
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Figure 2.11
Important Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates: ORGANIC
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Include sugars and starches
 Monosaccharides – simple sugars
 Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by
dehydration synthesis
 Polysaccharides – long branching chains of
linked simple sugars
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Carbohydrates
Figure 2.12a–b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Lipids: ORGANIC
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Insoluble in water
 Neutral fats (triglycerides)
 Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
 Source of stored energy
 Phospholipids
 Form cell membranes
 Steroids
 cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, hormones
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Lipids
Figure 2.14a–b
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Important Organic Compounds
 Proteins: ORGANIC
 Made of amino acids
 Makeup half the body’s organic matter
 Provides materials for body tissues
 Plays a vital role in cell function
 Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
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Enzymes
 Enzymes: proteins that act as biological
catalysts - increase the rate of chemical
reactions
Figure 2.17
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Important Organic Compounds
 Nucleic Acids: ORGANIC
 Provide blueprint of life
 Make DNA and RNA
 Nucleotide bases
 A = Adenine
 G = Guanine
 C = Cytosine
 T = Thymine
 U = Uracil
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Nucleic Acids
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
 Organized by
complimentary bases
to form double helix
 Replicates before cell
division
 Provides instruction
for every protein in
the body
Figure 2.18c
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Important Organic Compounds
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Chemical energy used by all cells
 Energy is released by breaking high
energy phosphate bond
 ATP is replenished by oxidation of food
fuels
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