Transcript 35Lecture3511192014

Selenium (Se)
• Only nutrient whose level is
controlled by FDA
• Has smallest optimal range
• (difference between requirement and
toxicity)
• Toxicity can be a regional problem in
Montana
Selenium (Se)
• There are Se accumulating plants
• Can be indicators of toxicity
• Can result in acute toxicity – sudden
death
• Astragalus species (locoweed)
• Vetches
• Some native range plants
Selenium (Se) Toxicity
• Originally called Alkali disease
• Chronic toxicity
• Affects keratin of hair/hooves
• Rough hair coat
• “Bobbed” tail
• Sloughed hooves
• Affects adult animals
Se Deficiency
• Se deficiencies that affect young
animals
• Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
• White Muscle Disease
• Affects ability to stand and nurse
Se Deficiency
• In reproductive females
• Retained placenta
• Decreased fertility
Iodine (I)
• Not high in feeds
• Therefore we use Iodized salt
• (even for humans)
• Regional deficiency – Great Lakes,
Montana
Iodine Deficiency
• At any age = Goiter
• Enlargement of thyroid gland
• Thyroxine contains Iodine
• In reproductive females = stillbirths
• Weak, hairless young
Mn Deficiency
• Symptoms:
• Lameness
• Abnormal bone growth
• Immune dysfunction
Mn Deficiency
• In reproductive females:
• Delayed estrus
• Reduced ovulation
• Embryonic mortality
• Decreased fertility
Cobalt (Co)
• Required for rumen microbes to
synthesize Vitamin B12
• Part of Vit. B12’s chemical structure
Cobalt (Co)
• Deficiency regional grazing
Wasting Disease (Co deficiency)
• First discovered in Australia
• Australia – extreme emaciation
• Because Vit B12 important in energy
metabolism
Wasting Disease (Co deficiency)
• To cure:
• Cobalt must be provided to rumen
• Injection of Co won’t work
• (because Co needed in rumen to
synthesize Vit. B12)
• Injection of Vitamin B12 will work
“Organic” Minerals
• Chelated
• Attached to amino acids
• Proteinated
• Attached to peptides
• Complexed
• Attached to other organic
compounds
“Organic” Minerals
• Usually Zn, Cu, Mn, & Co are included
in organic form
• Hypothesis: Increased availability
Example feed tag containing organic minerals
“Organic” Minerals
• Are they effective?
• Conflicting research results
• Positive results with animals that are:
• High producing
• Stressed
• Immune-compromised
“Organic” Minerals
• Organic forms are more expensive
than sulfates, chlorides, etc.
• Therefore, they must be cost effective
“Organic” Minerals
• Recommendation for organic mineral
use:
• If high S, Fe and/or Mo
(antagonists)
“Organic” Minerals
• Recommendation
• If problems occur such as:
• Calf/lamb scours
• Increased reproductive failure
• Change in hair color
• Increased foot rot
• Increased respiratory infections
“Organic” Minerals
• Due to cost, recommendation is:
• 70% inorganic + 30% organic
• Supplementation during strategic
(stressful) times:
• Cows – prior to calving through
breeding
• Ewes – prior to lambing, during
breeding
• Calves/lambs – prior to weaning