Transcript ItalianRenaissance

• Recovering
from the Plague:
•A new wealthy middle class emerged again bankers, merchants, tradespeople and educated professionals.
• With the people’s respect of the once all-powerful Church weakened,
this new educated, wealthy class began to pursue more
secular and human interests – art, science, philosophy, etc.
The invention of the printing press lead to increased literacy among the
people + the rapid spread of new knowledge, and education of the
masses.
-It’s not a sudden transformation
-Religious roles still central
The Renaissance
1300-1600
began in
Italy.
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Renaissance begins in Italy...Why?
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Florence, Italy today.
Renaissance begins in Italy...Why?
• Italy’s thriving urban cities were the center for the renewed trade coming in from the
Middle East that brought in wealth and culture here first before the rest of Europe.
• Thriving cities meant opportunities for education, scientific pursuits,
and even…arts and leisure.
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Florence, Italy today.
Renaissance begins in Italy...Why?
•A wealthy merchant :middle class” who became art patrons.
Lorenzo de Medici - ruler of Florence and Art Patron 1449 - 1492
- supporting such giants as Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo.
Lorenzo treated the artists under his protection with respect and
familiarity.
- a demonstration of culture + superiority
“Whoever wants to be happy, let him be so:
about tomorrow there's no knowing.”
—Lorenzo The Magnificent
(Video clip, http://www.pbs.org/empires/medici/renaissance/)
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Florence, Italy today.
Machievelli and Renaissance Intellectuals
•Expulsion of Medici from Florence: 1494
Savonarola, 1494-1498
“A commonwealth of Christ”
“Bonfire of the Vanities”
Florentine Republic: 1494-1512
Machievelli as Minister of War
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Florence, Italy today.
Vocabulary
Renaissance – is the French translation of the Italian word
rinascita which means, “rebirth.”
But “rebirth” of what?
The Renaissance style would focus on 2 Main Components:
I. a “rebirth” or return of the classical style developed by
the ancient Greeks and Romans,
II. an intensified concern with secular life—interest in
humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual.
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Textbook p. 417; Packet p. 5a
The Renaissance style would focus on 2 Main Components:
I. a “rebirth” or return of the classical style developed by
the ancient Greeks and Romans,
II. an intensified concern with secular life—interest in
humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual.
St. Sebastian
Andrea Mantegna.
Painted, ca. 1480.
Louvre Museum, Paris.
“David” *
Michelangelo.
Carved 1501-04.
Galleria Academia,
Florence.
Renaissance emphasized:
Michelangelo’s David *
is the very “definition”
of what the Renaissance is about:
• the return to the Greek style.
• But also the influence of humanism –
here a young boy who slays his giant reminds us all
Man can achieve great things on his own!
B. Determining Word Meaning
Humanism – a new philosophy or
outlook that focuses on humankind’s
achievements and potential to achieve
great things.
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Renaissance emphasized:
Michelangelo’s David *
As “definition” of what the Renaissance is about:
• the return to the Greek style.
• But also the influence of humanism –
here a young boy who slays his giant reminds us all
Man can achieve great things on his own!
B. Determining Word Meaning
Humanism – a new philosophy or
outlook that focuses on humankind’s
achievements and potential to achieve
great things.
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Francesco Petrarch – Father of Humanism, poet (1304 - 1374)
1. How did humanism Humanists believed mankind’s
influence the growth achievements and successes should be
of learning?
praised – unlike the old Church teaching that
this was vanity or sinful. They encouraged
artists to copy the classical style of the
Greeks and Romans who had made great
advances in art, architecture, and the sciences.
“School of Athens” *
~ Raphael
In this wall fresco, Raphael (1483-1520)
pays tribute to mankind’s achievements Greek philosophers, scientists,
astronomers, and mathematicians engage
in philosophic inquiry together in one
place though they lived in different times.
Wall frescoe, Vatican Museums, Rome Italy.
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Cicero: Literary culture is necessary for educated and civilized people.
1. How did humanism Humanists believed mankind’s achievements
influence the growth and successes should be praised – unlike the
of learning?
old Church teaching that this was vanity or
sinful. They encouraged artists to copy the
classical style of the Greeks and Romans who
had made such great advances
in art, architecture, and the sciences.
2. How did ideas about
piety and
a simple life
change?
Although people remained Christians; the
everyday society was becoming more
secular (emphasizing non-religious pursuits /
concerned with the here and now).
The wealthy, the educated, and even
upper-clergy believed they could enjoy life
now without fear of offending God.
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There’s no time like the present!
In these two works we see
mankind “enjoying life.”
Left: The Peasant Dance
by
Pieter Brueghel the Elder.
Right: a section of Garden
of Earthly Delights by
the innovative painter
Hieronymous Bosch.
2. How did ideas about
piety and
a simple life
change?
Although people remained Christians; the
everyday society was becoming more
secular (emphasizing non-religious pursuits /
concerned with the here and now).
The wealthy, the educated, and even
upper-clergy believed they could enjoy life
now without fear of offending God.
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4. What effects did the
Artists now painted portraits of prominent
emphasis on
citizens, showed their distinct characteristics;
individuals have on
painters and sculptors?
Religious and secular
worlds are combined in
this detailed portrait.
Chancellor Rolin and the Virgin
~ Jan Van Eyck
1435
Louvre Museum, Paris.
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4. What effects did the
emphasis on
individuals have on
painters and sculptors?
Artists now painted portraits of prominent
citizens, showed their distinct characteristics;
they developed perspective in order to
achieve realism in their art;
B. Determining Word Meaning
perspective – an art technique that gives
the appearance of
three-dimensional realism,
distance, or depth.
Marriage of the Virgin - Raphael
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Michelangelo’s The David and Botecelli’s The Birth of Venus
4. What effects did the
emphasis on
individuals have on
painters and sculptors?
Artists now painted portraits of prominent
citizens, showed their distinct characteristics;
they developed perspective in order to
achieve realism in their art; they glorified
the human body in relaxed, natural poses
(as did the Greeks).
“The Birth of Venus”
~ Botticelli
1485
Painted for the villa
of Lorenzo de Medici,
Florence Italy.
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COMPARING MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE ART
“Three Muses”
ancient Greek fresco,
5th c. B.C.
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COMPARING MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE ART
In this Medieval manuscript, the Three
Graces are seen covering themselves
modestly with a blanket inscribed with
Latin scripture verses.
In the Renaissance, Botticelli’s work
“Primavera” depicts the Three Graces
swirling in movement and vitality. The
beauty of the human form is appreciated.
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MEDIEVAL ART
• Religious subject matter
•Achievements of biblical figures,
saints, etc.
• Formal, reverent,
expressionless, and stiff
• Purpose – educational
symbolism
to glorify God
• No background,
lack of attention to detail
• Little creativity among artists,
uniform techniques used
throughout this period
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MEDIEVAL ART
• Religious subject matter
•Achievements of biblical figures,
saints, etc.
• Formal, reverent,
expressionless, and stiff
• Purpose – educational
symbolism
to glorify God
• No background,
lack of attention to detail
• Little creativity among artists,
uniform techniques used
throughout this period
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MEDIEVAL ART
• Religious subject matter
•Achievements of biblical figures,
saints, etc.
• Formal, reverent,
expressionless, and stiff
• Purpose – educational
symbolism
to glorify God
• No background,
lack of attention to detail
• Little creativity among artists,
uniform techniques used
throughout this period
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MEDIEVAL ART
• Religious subject matter
•Achievements of biblical figures,
saints, etc.
• Formal, reverent,
expressionless, and stiff
• Purpose – educational
symbolism
to glorify God
• No background,
lack of attention to detail
• Little creativity among artists,
uniform techniques used
throughout this period
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RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to / imitates Classical Style
• Achievements of Man
Greek statue,
4th c. B.C.E.
“David” *
~ Michelangelo, 1504
Florence, Italy.
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RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man
• Dignity of every Individual
• Self – portraits !
“Mona Lisa” *
~ Leonardo da Vinci
Louvre museum,
Paris France
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RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man
• Dignity of Individual; Self – portraits!
• Art as Status – patrons pay for it!
• Religious subject matter fused with
secular / classical / present times
“Chancelor Rolin & the Madonna”
~ Jan van Eyck
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RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man
• Dignity of Individual; Self – portraits!
• Art as Status – patrons pay for it!
• Religious subject matter fused with
secular / classical / present times
The Wedding Feast at Cana
- Paolo Caliari (aka Veronese)
1562-1563
Louvre Museum, Paris France
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RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man / Individual praised / portraits
• Religious subject matter is fused with Classical
The Sistine Chapel ceiling, by Michelangelo *
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Does man appear
equal to God?
Care about God?
Need God?
(“Creation of Adam”);
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling *
~ Michelangelo.
Recently restored.
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RENAISSANCE ART
“The School of Athens” *
~Raphael.
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• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man / Individual praised
• Religious subject matter fused with Classical
or the Past depicted in present surroundings.
RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man / Individual praised
• Religious subject matter fused with Classical
or depicted in present surroundings
• Emphasis on this world, not “other world,”
man’s ability to understand natural world.
Science viewed more positively
“The Ambassadors”
~ Hans Holbein the Younger
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RENAISSANCE ART
Reveals struggle between Faith vs. Reason; Biblical vs. Scientific;
Secular vs. Sacred, etc.
Is the Church being pushed aside,
Science now in the foreground?
Or, is the artist indicating that
from above Christ looks down in
judgement upon Science?
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Renaissance artists were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they
had been in the medieval past…
but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, comparable
to poets and writers…
They sought new solutions to visual problems,
and many of them were also devoted to scientific experimentation.
In so doing, perspective was developed, a system in which all
objects in a painting are related both proportionally and rationally,
objects in background get smaller as they recede compared to
foreground…gives appearance of 3-D.
As a result, the painted surface was regarded as a window on the
natural world, and it became the task of painters to portray this world
in their art.
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FOCAL POINT
“Bacchus”
~ Titian.
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FOCAL POINT
FOCAL POINT
“The Last Supper” ~ Leonardo da Vinci *
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RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man
• Religious subject matter fused with Classical
or depicted in present surroundings
• Emphasis on this world, not “other world,”
man’s ability to understand natural world.
• Artists experiment, use “perspective” / “focal
point” to make art more realistic.
“St. Sebastian” and “The Dead Christ”
~ Andrea Mantegna
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RENAISSANCE ART
• Return to Classical Style
• Achievements of Man
• Religious subject matter fused with Classical
or depicted in present surroundings
• Emphasis on this world, not “other world,”
man’s ability to understand natural world.
• Artists experiment, use “perspective”; make
art more realistic.
“Wedding Portrait”
- Jan Van Eyck
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Virgin of the Rocks
~ Leonardo da Vinci
National Gallery, London.
WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS
MICHELANGELO
“The David”
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS , packet p. 5b
MICHELANGELO
• “The David”
• the Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS , packet p. 5b
MICHELANGELO
• “The David”
• the Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
Recent restoration 1981-1994
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS , packet p. 5b
MICHELANGELO *
• “The David”
• the Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
SISTINE CHAPEL
• The Last Judgment
CEILING
“The Last Judgment”
ALTAR WALL
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THE SISTINE CHAPEL
WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS , packet p. 5b
MICHELANGELO
•
•
•
•
the “David”
the Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
“Last Judgment”
the “Pieta”
“Pieta”
– in St. Peter’s Bascilica,
Vatican City, Rome.
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS
MICHELANGELO
•
•
•
•
•
the “David”
the Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
“Last Judgement”
the “Pieta”
the Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica
St. Peter’s Bascilica,
Vatican City, Rome.
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS
MICHELANGELO
A true Renaissance Man – Painter, Sculptor, Architect, poet
•
•
•
•
•
the “David”
the Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
“Last Judgement”
the “Pieta”
the Dome of St. Peter’s Bascilica
1475-1564
Learn more about him at :
http://www.michelangelo.com/buon/bio-index2.html
and in your Textbook
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS , packet p. 5b
Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa *
~ Leonardo da Vinci
Louvre Museum
Paris
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS
Leonardo da Vinci
“The Last Supper”
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS
Leonardo da Vinci
“Mona Lisa”
“The Last Supper”
Inventor
“Flying Machine”
Defense Contractor –
“Artillery” &
Engineer –
“StoneThrower”
“Levers & Gears”
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WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE MASTERS
Leonardo da Vinci
“Mona Lisa”
“The Last Supper”
Inventor
Scientist / Anatomy
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Textbook p. 421; Packet p. 6
5. How did writers reflect They wrote in the vernacular;
Renaissance values in wrote about non-religious (secular) topics
their work?
– simply for leisure, fun, self-expression;
and pursued independent thought and
investigation rather than simply accepting
what the church taught.
B. Determining Word Meaning
Petrarch, often called the
“father of humanism” authored
beautiful sonnets in the
vernacular Italian and they were
about a love of his life named
Laura.
vernacular – the language of
the local people.
(not Latin!)
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Textbook p. 421; Packet p. 6
6. How did the writing of
Petrarch, Boccaccio,
and Machiavelli
demonstrate the values
of humanism?
Petrarch wrote about Laura – an ideal
woman.
Boccaccio wrote about the follies of
characters in the Decameron.
Machiavelli wrote about the imperfect
conduct of humans in The Prince.
Born May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy, Machiavelli
was a political philosopher during the Renaissance,
and is most famous for his political treatise,
See
The Prince (1513),
packet,
It has become a cornerstone of modern
p. 7-8
political philosophy.
“No enterprise is more likely to succeed
than one concealed from the enemy
until it is ripe for execution.”
—Machiavelli from The Art of War
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DO YOU AGREE or DISAGREE?
“Being a good ruler means sometimes doing the unpopular in order
to achieve what is best for one’s people in the long run.”
“A shrewd politician knows he may have to sometimes
employ devious methods if he is to stay in power.”
“One must consider the end.”
“At any given time a ruler may be faced with sending men to
their deaths in battle. He must be willing to sacrifice those few in
order to save the many.”
“Rulers can not be expected to live under the same “morality” as the
masses they rule. They must at times choose corrupt, distasteful,
even evil means in order to achieve a final good for their people.”
“It is better that a Ruler should be feared by his people
than loved by them.” ~ Machiavelli
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<<<<
A.)
Identify three features in this painting
that make it clearly a Renaissance work:
“The Three Philosophers”
by Venetian painter Giorgione
1508.
B.)
Built in the 15th century, why is this cathedral
a good example of Renaissance architecture?
Duomo Cathedral,
completed in 1436
by Filippo Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy.