Transcript Agriculture 597 Advanced Animal Nutrition

Minerals & Vitamins
Chris Ellason
Minerals
• Macro minerals
– Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S
• Trace or micro minerals
– Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
Calcium
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Milk fever
poorly mineralized bones
osteoporosis
weak egg shells
Calcium
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99% is stored in bones in a 2:1 ratio with P
Controls nerve and muscle excitability
Aids in blood coagulation
Skeletal and heart muscular contraction and
relaxation
Calcium
• Ca absorption is accomplished by active transport
• CaBP (Calcium Binding Protein) controls
absorption and in most species is Vitamin D
dependent
• Typically as dietary Ca increases, percent
absorbed decreases
• Vitamin D deficiency can result in depressed Ca
uptake due to CaBP
Phosphorus
• Poorly mineralized bones
– osteoporosis
• impaired fertility
• Rickets
– Stiffness of joints and muscles, dramatic weight
loss, and bone degeneration
Phosphorus
• Approximately 80% of total body P is
contained in skeletal system
• Serum P occurs in both organic and
inorganic forms
• Organic form is primarily lipid
• Inorganic is in a variety of forms, ionized,
bound to proteins, etc.
Phytic Acid
• P is bound as an ester of inositol
• Renders it basically unavailable to
nonruminants
• Phytate is high in many plant seeds
• Some inorganic sources may contain more
or less phytate
• Can be available for ruminants
Toxicity
• Can occur in extreme cases
• Results in excessive bone resorption
• High levels can depress absorption of Ca
– Ca:P ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 in male
ruminants
– Excess P may cause urinary calculi
Magnesium
• Grass Tetany
• Can replace Ca, and P in bones
• Staggering
Magnesium
• 3rd most prevalent mineral in the body
• ½ total MG is contained in bone
• Mg in soft tissue is concentrated mainly in
liver and skeletal muscle
Magnesium functions
• Required for normal bone formation
• Enzyme activation
• ATP enzymes and P transfer
Toxicity
• Mg toxicity is manifested through
– Depressed intakes
– Cardiorespiratory depression
– Even heart stoppage
• Chronic high levels can result in P depletion
in bones
Potassium
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Weakness
emaciation, loss of weight
Dehydration
distended abdomen
Function
• Major cation of intracellular fluid
– Involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base
balance
• Muscle activity
Salt
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NaCl
Weight loss
dehydration
reduced performance
delayed puberty
Functions
• K works with Na to maintain osmotic
pressure
• K primary function is to maintain acid/base
balance in the body
• Also involved in processes such as protein
synthesis and glucose absorption
Functions
• Na as the extracellular component of an
energy dependent Na “pump”
• Maintenance of osmotic pressure
• Acid/base balance by its separation from K
• Cl is involved in osmotic pressure and
maintenance of acid/base balance
Sulfur
• Growth rate reduction
– S containing amino acids
• reduced wool and feather growth
Iron
• Anemia
• Common in baby pigs
Copper
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Faded hair coat
joint swelling
no loss of winter coat
anemia
Zinc
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Hoof softness
wool slipping
thickened skin
parakeratosis in swine
– Pigs 6 to 16 wks old
– Deficiency of ZN or inadequate absorption of
Zn due to excess Ca
– Causes lesions on the skin
Manganese
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Skeletal abnormalities
slipped tendons in poultry
impaired reproduction
testicular degeneration
defective ovulation
Excess Ca & P decreases absorption
Cobalt
• Anemia
• lowered growth rates
• reduced appetite
• Needed by rumen bacteria for growth &
Vitamin B12 synthesis
Iodine
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Low metabolism
Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
hairless pigs at birth
wool-less lambs at birth
Selenium
• White muscle disease cattle - muscular dystrophy
– Muscle weakness or loss of muscle tissue
• stiff lamb disease
– Vitamin E & Selenium deficiency
– Become stiff, cannot walk or nurse properly and die or
starvation
• liver necrosis
– Destroying of the liver cells
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Cu, Mo and Zn
– Excess Mo and Zn reduce Cu metabolism
• Ca and Zn
– High Ca and phytate P can inhibit Zn
absorption by tying up
• Ca, P and Mn
– High Ca, P can inhibit Mn absorption
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Mg and K
– Excess K reduces Mg absorption
– Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can
result in K deficiency as well
• Cu and Fe
– Cu required for proper Fe metabolism
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Mg and Ca, P
– Excess Mg can inhibit Ca, P absorption will
replace these in bones
• P and Mg, Ca
– Excesses in Mg and Ca can affect absorption
– Ca:P ratio at 1.5 to 2:1
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Zn and Se
– Used together improve immune response in
combination with Vitamin E
• Cu, Mo and Fe
– In ruminants these interact and can affect
absorption of all three and S
Vitamins
• Organic compounds in foods distinct from
proteins, CHO or fats
• Cannot be synthesized by animals and must
be supplied by the diet
• If not supplied each results in a specific
deficiency
Vitamins
• Fat Soluble
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Vitamin A
Vitamin D2 and D3
Vitamin E
Vitamin K, natural and synthetic
Vitamins
• Water Soluble Vitamins
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Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
Pyridoxine
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamins
• Water Soluble cont.
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Biotin
Choline
Folic Acid
Cobalamin
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Inositol
PABA
Vitamins
• Fat Soluble only contain C, H and O
• Water Soluble also contain N, S, or Co
Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Are generally responsible for the regulation
of metabolism of structural units
• May occur in plant tissues as provitamins
• Absorbed in intestinal tract only in the
presence of fat
• All can be stored when fat is deposited and
rate depends on intake
Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Only K can be synthesized by rumen
microbes
• Excreted only in feces with fat
Water Soluble Vitamins
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No provitamins
Responsible primarily in energy transfer
Absorbed more easily and readily from SI
Water soluble vitamins are not stored to a
great extent
• Excretion occurs both in feces and urine
• Rumen microbes can synthesize all
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Vitamin A - night blindness, mucosal
degenteration
• Vitamin D - osteoporosis
• Vitamin E - muscular dystrophy, liver
necrosis
• Vitamin K - blood clotting disorders
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Thiamin (B1) - edema, enlarged heart
• Riboflavin (B2) - cataracts, lesions around
lips and mouth
• Niacin - Ulcers, diarrhea, dermatitis
• Pantothenic acid - dermatitis, graying of
hair, fetal death, goose stepping in pigs
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Pyridoxine (B6) - Reduced immune
function, increased fat deposition
• Cobalamin (B12) - anemia, kidney damage
• Folic Acid - anemia cannot tell difference
between this and B12
• Biotin - soft hooves, loss of hair, birth
defects
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Vitamin C - bone defects, bleeding gums,
scurvy in humans
• Choline - fatty liver, bleeding kidneys,
slipped tendon in poultry
Vitamin Functions in Rations
• Cobalamin given as intake stimulant
• A - mucosal lining degeneration can occur if
not provided in large quantities
• E - immune system
• Biotin - hoof hardness
• Pantothenic Acid - reproduction
• Niacin - growth rates and milk production?