Transcript main element of organic compound

BIOCHEMISTRY I
CHAPTER II. BIOELEMENTS
AND BIOMOLECULS
by
Sri Retno Dwi Ariani., S.Si., M.Si.
NIP. 197112161998022004
E-MAIL ADRESS : [email protected]
Hp. 0821 3772 3769
UNIVERSITY OF SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA
2010
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BIOELEMENT
Bioelement is :
Elements that have been found as essential component
of living things
Bioelement consist of :
# main element of organic
compound: C, H, O, N, S, P
# ionic element :
Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl
# trace element :
Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, I, Mo, V,
Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Sn, B, As
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8 MOST ELEMENTS IN CRUST
AND HUMAN BODY
Crust
Element
O
Si
Al
Fe
Ca
Na
K
Mg
%
47
28
7,9
4,5
3,5
2,5
2,5
2,2
Human Body
Element
H
O
C
N
Ca
P
Cl
K
%
63
25,5
9,5
1,4
0,31
0,22
0,08
0,06
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BIOMOLECULE
•Large and small molecules that closely related
with chemical in living systems
• More than 99% atomic elements of biomolecule
are Carbon, Nytrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
• Less component that essential are phosphore
and sulfure
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Most of Biomolecules is Carbon
Compound
Carbon atoms can be used along with four pairs electrons
with four hydrogen to form compound methane (CH4)
The ability of carbon element so varied in form bonds may
be a major factor in the selection of carbon compounds for
the molecular machinery of cells during emerge and evolve
organisms
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Functional group of organic bimolecular
determine its chemical properties
Almost all organic biomolecules can be viewed as derivatives of
Hydrocarbons
One or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons can be replaced
by various kinds of functional groups to produce various classes
of organic compounds
special group of organic compounds with specific functional
groups are :
 alcohol, have one or more hydroxy groups
 amines, have amino group
 ketone, have carbonyl group
 carboxylate acid, have carboxyl group
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Functional groups distinguished the group of organic
compound
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Several other functional group found in biomolecules
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Asymmetrical Biomolecules
Biomolecules are Asymmetric
If there is an atom or a different functional group, which binds to
specific single carbon atom in an organic molecule.
Because it can form two isomers, called enantiomers that have
different configurations in space.
Enantiomers are not mirror images of each cover (not identical) to
each other.
Enantiomer also called optical isomers or stereoisomers, are
identical in their chemical reactions, but differs in a very unique
properties, ie ability to rotate the plane of polarized light.
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Biomolecules with multiple functional groups
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Picture of enantiomers
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Main Groups of Biomolecules in The Cell is a Big Size
Molecules
►Example :
►Eschericia
coli has some molecular component such as:
% total mass
Approxymate sum of
molecule
Water
70
1
Protein
15
3000
Nucleic Acid
1
1
DNA
6
> 3000
RNA
3
Polysaccharide
2
5
Lipids
2
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Drafting Unit of Molecular
and Intermediaries
1
500
Inorganic Ionic
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COMPLEXITY OF BIOMOLECULES
Molecule mass 103-109
Molecule mass 18-350
simple
molecule
Forming
Molecule
Macro
Molecule
CO2, NH3,
Amino Acid
Protein
H2O, Simple
simple sugar
Polysaccharide
organic
Mononucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Fatty Acid
Lipids
molecules
Organel
and Supra
molecule
agregat
CELL
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Structural levels in the organization
of molecular cell
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Tiap-tiap molekul unit pembangun
merupakan prekusor berbagai jenis biomolekul lain
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Macromolecules
Four major groups of bimolecular(proteins, nucleic
acids, polysaccharides, and lipids) have general
nature, big structure and high molecular weight so
they called macromolecules
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Proteins
is a direct product of genes and effector action in all
forms of life.
Many biological functions are carried out so that the protein is
biomolecules that palig versatile.
Nucleic Acid, DNA dan RNA
has a function that is participating in the storage,
transmission and translation of genetic information.
DNA serves as the repository of genetic information, RNA
translation help process this information into protein 17
structures.
Polysaccharides
Is an energy-producing fuel and serves as a
structural element in the outside of the cell.
Lipids
serves as mainly structural component of the
membrane and as a store of energy-rich fuel.
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roteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides,
uilder units each bound one
with each other by covalent bonds
Supramoleculer cells, such as ribosomes, membrane or chromatin,
macromolecules bound together by a weaker interaction.
Among these types of interactions, there are only hydrogen bonds
has a bond energy compared to a few kilocalories
covalent bonds have a bond energy
80 to 100 kcal / mol
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lthough the molecule-sized building units so
mall compared with the size of cells and organelles,
hese molecules can affect the shape
nd functionality that larger structure.
As an example of hereditary disease in
human anemia "sickle cell" hemoglobin molecule
oxygen-carrying red blood cells experience
disorders because of the damage to the synthesis of 2
of nearly 200 units of amino acids that make
hemoglobin.
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The History of Biomolecules
Biomolecules First Arose by Chemical Evolution
In 1920 A.I. Oparin argued opinion that:
in the early history of our planet, various organic compounds are
on the surface of the water, at high concentrations.
From "soup" of organic compounds that "warm" this is the emergence
The first primitive living cell, in more than 3000 million
years ago.
chemical and physical processes that occur naturally on our earth
tesebut time can cause the formation of organic compounds
simple amino acids and sugars such as spontaneous, from compone
primitive atmosphere whose composition is very different
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with air that we know today.
Oparin
According to this theory, the release of electrical energy from lightning
or heat formed during volcanic activity can activate methane,
ammonia, water vapor, and other components of the primitive
Atmosphere to react with each other to form a compound / molecule
simple organic.
This molecule, so slowly and step by
step finally joined spontaneously form membranes,
protein and a catalyst, a co-precursor
The first primitive cells, can survive and divide during
several years
(Oparin view this remains speculative and
seems not to be tested.)
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Miller
Classic experiments on the origin of abiotic (non-biological)
organic biomolecules conducted in 1953 by Stanley Miller.
He brings a mixture of methane, ammonia, water vapor, and
hydrogen with electric sparks through a pair of electrodes,
to mimic the process of natural lightning.
Miller found that the carbon-containing gas phase
monooksida, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, α-amino acids
and simple organic acids contained in
living organisms.
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The Developing of Biomolecules
Other researchers have since been discovered that amino acids
other organic biomolecules can be easily formed if the energy
source used to stimulate the process.
All forms of energy or radiation which tried and found capable of
forming simple organic molecules, including heat, visible light,
ultra light, x-rays, γ-rays, electrical sparks and silent electric energy,
ultrasonic waves, a wave of "shock" and α particles and β.
Several hundred different organic compounds could easily have
been on the primitive earth simulation experiments, including
examples of all kinds of important molecules found in the cell,
and that is not found in the cell.
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Chemical Evolution
The term chemical evolution is used to indicate the origin
and development of organic molecules from inorganic
perkusor with energy assistance.
First cell appeared, about 3500 million years ago. Then start
the process of biological evolution, which continues
unabated.
Ocean of today no longer contain high concentrations of
organic compounds, biomolecules are found only in small
quantities outside the living organism.
Because organic molecules disappear from the ocean, living
organisms began to "learn" how to make their own organic25
biomolecules.
THANK
YOU
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