Transcript student notes protein synthesis mutation

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION: DNA m RNA
TRANSLATION: m RNA Protein
Summary of Events in Protein Synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription: A Deep look
A. RNA is made from the DNA nucleotide
sequence during transcription.
1. __________________attaches to the
beginning of one gene or a group of
genes, called the ___________, on
the
DNA molecule.
2. DNA separates at
the______________________
3. half the DNA serves as a template
to make RNA from nucleotides
a. base sequence in DNA
determines the base sequence in
the RNA molecule
4. transcription ends at the
________________________________
______on the DNA molecule
a. indicates the end of a
___________or a
group of genes
5. m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA may be
made
Transcription
http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Transcript
ion.htm
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flash
animat/molgenetics/transcription.swf
FIND MORE WEBSITES…
TRANSLATION
Translation- in ribosomes
_________makes proteins with the help of
_____________.
The ___________on the mRNA dictate
the amino acids that the tRNA brings to
the ribosome.
The ________________ on the tRNA
hooks up with the CODON and the a.a. is
brought to the appropriate location.
Translation starts at the start codon (AUG)
and ends at the stop codon (UGA, UAG,
UAA)
Chain of amino acid= protein
B.
B. How is the sequence of amino acids
determined in translation?
1.codon (3-base sequence on m-RNA)
a. 64 codons- code for amino acids
2. start codon (AUG) starts translation
a. it codes for the methionine
3. codons on m-RNA pair with
anticodons on t-RNA
4. stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop
translation
Codon Chart
Start and Stop Codons on RNA
Stop Codon Animation
Peptide Bond Formation
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
SUMMARY
Transcription - DNA makes RNA
Translation – t-RNA anticodons line
up with m-RNA codons at the
ribosome
peptide bonds connect amino acids
in dehydration synthesis
the GENETIC CODE is the correlation
between DNA base sequence and
amino acid sequence in a
polypeptide
TRANSLATION
Work on the building of Protein at the following
website
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/
http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates
/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/
protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/SD.T
ransTrans.HP.html
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transc
ribe/
http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synt
hesis.htm (w the ribosome subunits)
http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/stu
dent_resources/shared_resources/animations/protein_
synthesis/protein_synthesis.html
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ (
actual do it yourself protein)
http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/Benja1dw/BIO101/tool
s/quiz/dnarna.htm
GENES ARE SEGMENTS OF DNA
THAT CODE FOR A
CHARACTERISTIC, LIKE DIMPLES.
REALLY ITS
_______________________________I
N THE DNA DETERMINE THE
CHARACTERISTIC. BUT
SOMETIMES PROBLEMS ARISE….
Mutations
A. Location of Mutations
1. _____________(body cell)
2. _________cell (cells that form sperm
and egg cells)
B. Causes
1. radiation
a. x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma
radiation, u.v. light
2. chemicals (mutagens)
3. DNA sequence changes in replication
C. Effects of Mutations
1.__________(deadly)
2. may be beneficial
3. no effect
Point Mutation
change in one nucleotide …or change in a
base (A,T,C,G) in the DNA molecule
Types of mutations –
a. ___________ – one base
is
substituted for another
b. _____________– an extra
base is added
c. __________ or deletion of
a base
Point Mutation:
Substitution of One Base
BIGGER PROBLEMS…
WHEN ONE OR TWO BASES ARE
ADDED/DELETED, EVEN BIGGER PROBLEMS
ARISE BECAUSE DNA IS “READ”
IN________________SEQUENCES.
TRANSLATION? EVERY 3 DNA BASES CODE
FOR AN AMINO ACID (REMEMBER THE
BUILDING BLOCK OF PROTIENS) AND YOU
KNOW THAT PROTEINS ARE EVERYWHERE IN
OUR BODIES!
TO UNDERSTAND WHY, WE NEED TO
UNDERSTAND HOW PROTEINS ARE FORMED.
When things go wrong…
Frameshift – results when the number
of nucleotides inserted or deleted is
not a multiple of three
1. addition or deletion can result
in a _______________
2. results in a completely different
sequence of amino acids in the
polypeptide chain
Frameshift
Frameshift- Insertion
CELL CYCLE CONTROL BY
PROTEINS
What happens when the cell cycle proteins
are the ones being mutated?
 Loss of Control of the Cell Cycle
 if checkpoints are not working
properly, the cell cycle can cause the
cell to grow
uncontrollably
 leads
to _________
http://outreach.
mcb.harvard.e
du/animations
_S03.htm
Other Chromosome Mutations……..
1. Deletion – piece of chromosome
is deleted or
_____________ – piece of a
chromosome
is duplicated
2. Inversion – segment of a chromosome
is inverted
Chromosome Mutation - Duplication
Chromosome Mutations
Deletion and Duplication
3. Translocation –
pieces of non homologous
chromosomes are exchanged
Normal Red Blood Cells
and Sickle Cells