Transcript Regents Biology

Macromolecules: You are
what you eat
Regents Biology
Organic vs. Inorganic
• Organic Molecules: Contains Carbon AND
associated with life.
Inorganic Molecules: Not associated with life…
may, or may not contain carbon
Carbon is cool - It can
make up to 4
covalent bonds and
fold in all kinds of
ways!!
Regents Biology
CHNOPS… the
main elements that
make up your
body!!!!
(Carbon; Hydrogen; Nitrogen;
Oxygen; Phosphorus; Sulfur)
Regents Biology
What are Macromolecules?
• Nutrients provide the raw materials required
for growth, repair and energy for living things.
We obtain these nutrients as part of our diet.
Some nutrients are required in large amounts
to support cellular health, including
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
4 Types of Macromolecules
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates: Sugars + Starches
Lipids: Fats and Oils
Protein: Muscle Tissue
Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Material
Macromolecules
• Macro means:
– Large
• Molecule:
– Compound formed
From 2 or more atom.
Many
One
Regents Biology
Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Lipids = built from fatty acid & glycerol
Glycerol
Fatty
– acid
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
Regents Biology
Identify each example according
to type of macromolecule. . .
Regents Biology
Butter
Chicken
Breast
Regents Biology
Bread
Fish Filet
Pizza Grease
Corn Syrup
Regents Biology
DNA
Digesting Macromolecules gives us
energy
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
starch
ATP
glucose
ATP
Any
Questions?
• Stop & Read through questions in
Carbohydrates
•
Work on your own
–
Pg 34–35 AND 44-48
Carbohydrates
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates are built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Regents Biology
Function of Carbohydrates
– quick energy
– energy storage
– Structure
Regents Biology
starch
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
BIG carbohydrates
chitin
– structure in arthropods & fungi
» exoskeleton
Helpful bacteria
• How can cows digest cellulose so well?
– BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Eeeew…
Chewing
cud?
Different Diets of Herbivores
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well; must
add another sugar source, like fruit
to diet
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
• The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with
the chemical formula of C6H12O6
• These simple sugars are called Monosaccharides
• All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula,
but different shapes.
• Examples:
– Glucose
– Fructose
– Galactose
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
• Disaccharide = Double sugar.
• They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharides
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharide = Many sugars
• This is a long chain of monosaccharides
• Examples:
– Starch: Grain Foods
– Cellulose: Plant fiber
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Nucleic acids:
Information molecules
2006-2007
Regents
Biology
Nucleic Acids
• Function:
– genetic material
• stores information
• transfers information
DNA
Regentsproteins
Biology
Nucleic acids
• Monomer (building block) = nucleotides
Nitrogen bases
I’m the
A,T,C,G or U
part!
sugar
phosphate
Regents Biology
N base
Nucleotide chains
• Nucleic acids
sugar
N base
sugar
N base
phosphate
– nucleotides chained into
a polymer
phosphate
strong bonds
sugar
N base
sugar
N base
phosphate
phosphate
Regents Biology
RNA
Nucleic Acids
Examples
– DNA
– RNA
Regents Biology
RNA
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
That’s One Big Fatty Acid!
Lipids
Concentrated energy molecules
Lipids
• Examples
– fats
– oils
– waxes
– hormones
• sex hormones
– testosterone (male)
– estrogen (female)
2003-2004
Glycerol
HEAD
Fatty Acid
TAIL
Another way to Illustrate Lipids
Head
Tail
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Lipids
• Function:
– energy storage
• very concentrated
• twice the energy as carbohydrates!
– cell membrane
– cushions organs
– insulates body
• think whale blubber!
Other Functions of Lipids in your Body
• Sex Hormones (Look WAY different than the
other lipids… they are in rings).
– Signals from one body system to another.
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Why are some fats solid and others
liquid?
Regents Biology
•Quiz
2003-2004
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Animal (solid) vs. Plant (liquid)
saturated
unsaturated
2003-2004
Proteins!
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Amine
Regents Biology
Function of Proteins in Your Body
Immune System
Antibodies bind to specific foreign
particles, such as viruses and
bacteria, to help protect the body.
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Enzymes
Enzymes carry out almost all
of the thousands of chemical
reactions that take place in
cells. They also assist with the
formation of new molecules
by reading the genetic
information stored in DNA.
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Messengers
Messenger proteins, such
as some types of
hormones, transmit signals
to coordinate biological
processes between
different cells, tissues, and
organs.
… Growth Hormone is a
protein!
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Structural Component
These proteins provide structure and support for
cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body
to move.
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Transport and Storage
These proteins bind
and carry atoms
and small molecules
within cells and
throughout the
body.
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Denaturating Proteins
Look Mom – I
can denature
proteins!!!
Milk protein separates into
curds & whey when it is
exposed to acids
Regents Biology
2003-2004
Regents
Biology
Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMc
xZNM
• 1:01:30 – Cracking the Code
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IgSDVD
4QEc
2003-2004
Regents
Biology