Transcript Biochemistry PP

Section 2.3: CarbonBased Molecules
Biochemistry
You have heard people use the term “Organic” in every
day speech…Which of these would be considered
Organic vs Inorganic?
Wood
Shell
Butter
Snail
Quartz
CO2
Sand
Leaf
Water
Rock
O2
Pearl
NaCl
Paper
Bird
SiO2
Lollipop
Cotton
Diamond
Egg
Organic Compounds
• Must contain C and H
covalently bonded
together
• Usually contain O and
sometimes N
What makes Carbon such a special element?
1. It can form 4
covalent bonds
2. Forms chains or
rings to other
Carbons
3. Can single, double
or triple bond
4. Easily covalently
bonds with H, O
and N
How are biomolecules put together?
1. Smallest unit of a biomolecule is called a
Monomer (One unit).
Simple Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids
and Nucleotides
Glucose
Amino Acid
Fatty Acid
2. These monomers will bond together to
form a Polymer (Many units).
(Starch, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic acid)
Sucrose
Lipid
Monomer
MONOSACCHARIDES
Polymer
Polymers form by a bonding monomers together
with each other to form larger molecules (like
putting beads onto a necklace).
The formula for Glucose is C6H12O6 and Fructose is
also C6H12O6, when they are combined together, the
new compound, Sucrose (sugar) is C12H22O11.
How could that be?
C6H12O6
+ C6H12O6
_____________________
C12H24O12
-
C12H22O11
______________
H 2O
• Process of putting the monomers together to
form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis
(removing water, putting together)
– For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled
out to join the 2 monomers together.
– It is a building up process, going from simple to more
complex
Dehydration Synthesis
1
2
1
3
2
3
The food we eat usually are polymers which won’t
fit into our cells so they need to be broke down
Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the
reverse of Dehydration Synthesis.
– It’s a breakdown process
– Water molecules are put back in to break the
bonds of the polymer to become monomers.
– Commonly known as Digestion
1
1
2
2
3
3
Hydrolysis
The Big 4 Biomolecule groups
1. Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches
2. Lipids
Fats, Oils, waxes and sterols
3. Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
4. Proteins
Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles,
blood, hormones
Carbohydrates
• Made up of C, H & O
• H:O is 2:1
• Main source of
energy for the
body
• Made up of
Monosaccharides
• (Simple Sugars)
Monosaccharide
• Simple Sugar
– C6H12O6
•
•
•
•
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Provide quick
energy
Galactose
Glucose
Disaccharide
• Double Sugar
–C12H22O11
• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose
Provide fast energy
Lactose
Sucrose
Polysaccharide
• Many sugar polymer
– Starch
– Glycogen
• Animal starch stored in
liver
– Cellulose
• Main component of plant
cell walls.
• Most abundant
biomolecule on earth
Provide stored energy (4 - 6
hours)
Carbohydrate lab
1. Each pair should build glucose – Initialed
2. With an adjoining pair, undergo
Dehydration Synthesis
Get initialed
4. Undergo Hydrolysis – Get initialed
5. Break apart model kits and put back in
bag and on front lab table.
6. Complete ALL questions in the lab
First make a Glucose molecule
6
5
4
1
3
2
-Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side.
-To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon .
-The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon
-Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule
-Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of the
Glucose on the left
Lipids
• Not soluble in water
• Contain C, H, and O
where the H:O ratio is
>2:1
• Fats, oils and waxes
• Used for stored energy,
insulation and
waterproofing
• Made up of Glycerol
and Fatty acids
• Produced by
Dehydration synthesis
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
3 water
molecules
were
removed
Triglyceride (a fat)
Saturated vs Unsaturated fat controversy
•
•
•
The more H’s in
the Hydrocarbon
chain, the more
energy the fatty
acid provides
The more H’s, the
more solid it will
be.
Problem with
clogging and
narrowing of
Angioplasty
arteries and >
blood pressure
Saturated fats:
• butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and
palm oil
• are solid at room temp.
– have no double bonds so there is a maximum of H’s
present
Unsaturated fats
– Olive oil, canola oil, margarine
– Liquid at room temp
– Have at least 1 double bond in the H – C chain
Polyunsaturated fats
• Soybean oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil
• Clear, thin liquids at room temp
• Contain many double bonds in H-C chain
Each pair should make a Glycerol model
Three Hydroxyl groups with H’s & C’s
Hydroxyl
groups
This is where
dehydration
synthesis will
occur
Now make each of the following Fatty Acids.
You will need to break some apart to make
more.
Butryic acid
Caproic acid
Now make a double bond in between the two middle
Carbons. You will need to take off two hydrogen atoms
to do this.
Caproic
acid
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
H
C
H
O
C
O
H
Proteins
• Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood,
hormones, cell membrane
• Large molecules
• Contain C, H, O, & N (sometimes also S)
• Found in meats, eggs, dairy & Legumes (beans,
peas and peanuts)
• Made up of Amino acids
Polymers of Amino Acids
Made up of:
an Amino group (-NH2),
a Carboxyl group
(COOH)
a radical (R) or variable
group
Amino Acids
–
–
–
20 different AA
(8 are essential)
Most end in “ine”
Since there are 20
different AA, the
possible number of
proteins formed are
limitless (How many
words can you make
with 26 letters?)
• When 2 amino acids
bond, a Dipeptide is
formed
• The C-N bond
formed is called a
Peptide bond
• When 3 or more AA
bonds, it’s a
Polypeptide
Nucleic acids
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
• Contain C, H, O, N and P
• Polymers of Nucleotides
– A 5 carbon sugar
– A nitrogen base
– A phosphate group
• Store and transmit genetic information
• They work together to make proteins.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
C and H2O
C, H, O >2:1
C, H, O, N (S)
C, H, O, N, P
Monosaccharides,
Glycerol & Fatty
Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Polymers
Di (Maltose, Lactose,
Sucrose)and
Polysaccharides
(Cellulose, Amylose,
Glycogen)
Lipids
Di and
Polypeptides
DNA and RNA
Chemical Formula
C6H12O6, &
C12H22O11
NA
Amine, Carboxyl
groups & Radical
NA
Quicker energy
Stored energy
Building &
Regulatory
Functions
Controls activity
of cell & Protein
Synthesis
Where found
Sugars, Starches
Fats, Oils, Waxes
and Sterols
Muscles,
Hormones,
Enzymes
Nucleus of cell
Examples
Fruit sugar, Milk
sugar, Starches,
Glycogen
Fats, Oils, Waxes
and Sterols
Meat, Dairy, eggs
RNA & DNA
Ending
"ose"
"ol" or "ide"
"ine"
"nucleic acid"
Elements
Monomers
Function
Glucose, Fructose,
Galactose
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Structure
Glucose
Elements
C and H2O
C, H, O >2:1
C, H, O, N (S)
C, H, O, N and P
Fructose
Monomers
Monosaccharides
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Polymers
Di and Polysaccharides
Lipids
Di and Polypeptides
DNA and RNA
Amino acid
Fatty Acid
Chemical Formula
C6H12O6, C12H22O11
No set formula
Amine, Carboxyl groups &
Radical
No set formula
Disaccharide
Function
Quicker energy
Stored energy
Building & Regulatory
Functions
Controls activity of cell &
Protein Synthesis
Nucleotide
Where found
Sugars,
Fats, Oils, Waxes and
Sterols
Muscles, Hormones,
Enzymes
Nucleus of cell
Polysaccharide
Examples
Fruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches,
Glycogen
Fats, Oils, Waxes and
Sterols
Meat, Dairy, eggs
RNA & DNA only
Dipeptide
Ending
"ose"
"ol" or "ide"
"ine"
"nucleic acid"
A Glucose
B
C
D Fructose
F
Fatty Acid
Disaccharide
GPolysaccharide
E
H
Nucleotide
I
Dipeptide
But why
Carbon?
Funtions
and
Organics
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic
Acids
Enzymes
Endings &
Can you
read the
labels
4
Long term
energy storage,
insulation and
cell membrane
Carbon,
Hydrogen and
Oxygen
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Oxygen and
Nitrogen
Carbon,
Hydrogen and
Oxygen
C, H, O, N and P
Proteins
Carbohydrate
4
Building
material, cell
membrane,
hormones,
enzymes,
hemoglobin
1:02:01
Amino Acids
Fats, Oil, Waxes
and Sterols
DNA and RNA
Organic
catalysts
Protein or Amino
Acid
covalent
Carbon and
Hydrogen
Monosaccharide
s
Carboxyl (COOH) and
Amine (-NH2)
>2:1
DNA - Nucleus
RNA - Nucleus
or cytoplasm
Regulate the rate
of a reaction
Lipid or Alcohol
double bond
Covalent
Glucose,
Galactose,
Fructose
20
Fatty Acids and
Glycerol
Nucleotides
Catalase
Enzyme
Monomers
Hydrolysis
Energy
Peptide bond (CN)
3
DNA Deoxyribose,
RNA - Ribose
Substrate at the
active site
Meat, eggs, diary
and legumes
Polymers
Living
organisms
Lactose,
Maltose, Sucrose
Polypeptide
Saturated fat
On the N-bases
of the
nucleotides
Enzymes
specificity
Oils, fats and
waxes (yummy)
Polymerization
Sugars and
starches
Polysaccharides
(starches,
glycogen and
cellulose)
Polymerization/
Dehydration
synthesis
Double bonds (2
or more)
DNA is double
stranded
Reversible and
reusable
Glycogen,
Cellulose