Transcript Bell Work
Carbohydrates Includes sugars and starches Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Usually hydrogen and oxygen are in a ration of 2 H to every 1 O, just like in water, which results in the name (carbohydrate means hydrated carbon) The types of carbohydrates are as follows: Monosaccharide – one sugar. Also known as a simple sugar, usually in a single line or a ring and contain 3-7 carbons. Examples include glucose (blood sugar, universal cellular fuel), fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose Disaccharides – double sugars. Formed when two sugars are joined together through a dehydration reaction. Examples are sucrose (glucose-fructose; cane sugar), lactose (glucose-galactose; milk) and maltose (glucose-glucose; malt sugar) Polysaccharides – long, branching chains of sugars. They are large and used for energy storage. Examples: starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) Lipids Large and diverse group of organic compounds Enter the body in the form of fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products, and fats Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but oxygen is greatly outnumbered Tend to be insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids, alcohols, and acetone. Types of Lipids Triglycerides neutral fats. Composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule (looks like an E). Can be saturated (all single bonds, usually a solid, found in animals) or unsaturated (liquid, found in plants) Can be used to make a huge amount of energy and is stored in fat deposits Types of Lipids Phospholipids – Similar to triglycerides, except one of the fatty acids is a phosphorous containing group. This gives half of the molecule a polarity; while the other half is nonpolar. Great for membranes (cellular boundaries). Steroids – a flat molecule formed by four interlocking molecular rings. Also formed mostly by carbon and hydrogen and are fat soluble. Example: cholesterol Proteins Account for over 50% of the organic matter in the body. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Made from amino acids There are about 20 common amino acids. All contain an amine group (NH2) and an acid group (COOH) and only differ from each other by a single group of atoms called the R-group Two types of Proteins Fibrous – structural proteins. Important in binding structures together and providing strength Globular – functional proteins. They are mobile, generally spherical molecules, and have a great range of uses. Enzymes (biological catalysts) are a type of globular protein Nucleic Acids They make up genes Made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a nitrogen base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group The five nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil The two major types of nucleic acids are Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – the main blue print of the cell, double helix, has a deoxyribose sugar backbone with the nucleic acids acting as the rungs. Does not use uracil, and uses complimentary pair (AT and CG) Ribonucleic acid – single strand with a ribose backbone, U replaces T, helps to make the proteins gathering the proper information for the ribosomes Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine Diphosphate The rechargeable batteries of nature. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the charged battery; adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is the spent battery Cells use the energy given off from breaking the phosphate bond in ATP to do pretty much everything Once the bond is broken, ATP becomes ADP Energy from sugar is used to charge the molecule back to ATP so it can be used again.