Transcript Presentation

Classification
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What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
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Benefits of Classifying
•organisms
Accurately & uniformly names
•starfish
Prevents misnomers such as
& jellyfish that aren't
really fish
Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
•
Sea”horse”??
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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists
•2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
Aristotle divided
organisms into
plants & animals
He subdivided
them by their
habitat ---land,
sea, or air dwellers
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•
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Early Taxonomists
•John Ray, a
botanist, was
the first to
use Latin for
naming
His names
were very long
descriptions
telling
everything
about the plant
•
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Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
• 18th century
taxonomist
• Classified
•
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used
today
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Carolus Linnaeus
•Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern
system of naming known
as binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial
nomenclature used
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
•Underline when
Turdus migratorius
writing
American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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Rules for Naming Organisms
• The International Code for
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Binomial Nomenclature contains
the rules for naming organisms
All names must be approved by
International Naming Congresses
(International Zoological
Congress)
This prevents duplicated names
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Classification Groups
• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
•
•
category into which related
organisms are placed
There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
BROADEST TAXON
Most Specific
Did
King
Phillip
Come
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti
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Ursus americanus
American Black Bear
Human Taxonomy
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapien
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Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Domain Archaea and Domain
•
Bacteria consist of unicellular
prokaryotes (no nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles)
Domain Eukarya consist of more
complex eukaryotes and have a
nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles
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The grouping of organisms into
domains and kingdoms is based on
three factors:
1. Cell type
2. Cell number
3. Feeding type
1. Cell type – The presence or
absence of cellular structures
such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, or cell wall.
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Do not have:
* A membrane
bound nucleus
* No membrane
bound organelles
Prokaryotes
Do Have:
* DNA
* Ribosomes
* Cytoplasm
* Cell membrane
Typical Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotes
Do Have:
* A membrane
bound Nucleus
* Other smaller
Organelles - any of a
number of organized
or specialized
structures within a
living cell.
Typical Eukaryotic Cell
2. Cell Number – whether the organism
exist as a single cell or as many cells.
Unicellular – single celled organism
Multi-cellular – many celled organism
3. Feeding Type – How
organisms get their
food.
Autotrophs – (producer)
Makes it’s own food
Heterotrophs – (consumer)
Must eat other
organisms to survive
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1 cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
–Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents
(Thermophiles)
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great
st
Salt Lake) - Halophiles
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ARCHAEAN
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DOMAIN BACTERIA
• Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
• Important decomposers for
environment
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.
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Live in the intestines of animals
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Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms
• Kingdom Protista
(protozoans, algae…)
• Kingdom Fungi
(mushrooms, yeasts …)
• Kingdom Plantae
(multicellular plants)
• Kingdom Animalia
(multicellular animals)
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Kingdom Protista
•Most are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
Aquatic
•
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Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
•
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls
made of chitin
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Kingdom Plantae
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight
to make glucose –
Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of
cellulose
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Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular
• Ingestive
•
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
Feed on plants
or animals
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Kingdom
Cell Type
Archaebacteria Prokaryote
Cell
Number
Feeding
Type
Cell
Wall
Unicellular
Autotrophs
Yes
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Both
Yes
Protista
Eukaryote
Most
Unicellular
Both
Yes
And
No
Fungi
Eukaryote
Plantae
Animalia
Most
Heterotroph
Multicellular
Eukaryote Multicellular
Autotroph
Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph
Yes
Yes
No
Animals
Animals are divided into Phyla
based on their different
characteristics. Two major
characteristics are...
1. Backbone
a.Vertebrate
b.Invertebrate
2. Symmetry
a. Bilateral (mirror halves)
b. Radial (circular)
c. Asymmetry
(no equal divisions)
Symmetry - the trait of being made up of similar parts facing each other or
around an axis.
Vertebrates
There are five groups of vertebrates:
Fish
Birds
Mammals
Reptiles
Amphibians
Amphibians
*Have moist skin
*Lay jelly coated eggs in water
*Lives on land and water
Birds
*Have feathers and hollow bones
*Lay hard shelled eggs
*Endotherm/Warm blooded
Fish
*Have wet scales
*Lays eggs in water
*Live in water
Mammals
*Have hair and produce milk
*Give birth to live offspring
*Endotherm/Warm blooded
Reptiles
*Have dry scales
*Lay leathery shelled eggs
*Ectotherm/Cold blooded
Summary of Vertebrates
Invertebrates
These are animals without a backbone
There are eight groups of invertebrates:
Mollusks
Flatworms
Annelids
Roundworms
Sponges
Echinoderms
Cnidarians
Arthropods
Mollusks
*Crawl on a single fleshy pad.
*Can have a shell
Flatworms
Have flat worm like bodies
Annelids
*Have round worm like bodies
*Have bodies divided into segments
Roundworms
*Have long thin round worm like bodies
*Have bodies with no segments
Sponges
Have bodies made of loosely joined cells
Echinoderms
*Have bodies divided into five parts
*Have spiny outer covering
Cnidarians
*Have thin sack like bodies
*Have tentacles
*Have stinging cells (nematocyst)
Arthropods
Have lots of legs and segmented bodies.
There are four group of arthropods:
Arachnids
Centipedes & Millipedes
Crustaceans
Insects
Arthropods - Arachnid
*Have four pairs of legs.
*Have bodies divided into two sections
Arthropods – Centipedes & Millipedes
Have long thin bodies and pairs of legs on each of
their many body sections
Arthropods - Crustacean
*Have five-seven pairs of legs
*First pair often used as pincers
*Bodies covered in shell
Arthropods - Insects
*Have three pairs of legs
*Bodies divided into three sections
*Often have wings
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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Dichotomous Key
•Used to identify organisms
•Characteristics given in
pairs
•Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Tentacles present – Go to 2
Tentacles absent – Go to 3
Eight Tentacles – Octopus
More than 8 tentacles – 3
Tentacles hang down – go to 4
Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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