Transcript Review for Accelerated Final Exam

Review for Accelerated Final
Exam
What is biology?
The study of life.
Bio means life
ology means the study of
What are the characteristics of
life?
Order
sensitivity
growth
development
reproduction
regulation
What are the steps of the
scientific method?
Problem
hypothesis
procedure/experiment
collect data
organize data
interpret data
conclude
Darwin’s contribution to the
Theory of Evolution
Sailed on HMS Beagle
Observed:
giant extinct armadillos
finches on Galapagos Is.
Fossil beds in S.A.
Giant land tortoises
wrote On the Origin of Species
What is Natural Selection
The concept of evolution through
natural selection suggests
species that are born with favorable
traits are more likely to survive and
thus more likely to pass on their
genetic traits to their offspring,
governing the basis for evolution
How are fossils dated?
By using radioactive isotopes of
elements with a known half-life
– the most common being
carbon 14
What is comparative anatomy?
The science of comparing
anatomical features of different
organisms in hopes to find
relationships between them and
understand evolution better
What is the difference between
analogous and homologous
structures?
Analogous – structures have
different embryological beginnings,
but have the same function (wing of
bat – wing of bee)
Homologous – structures with the
same embryological beginnings,
but do NOT have the same function
(leg of a horse – flipper of a
porpoise)
Sample questions
Darwin was 22 when he began
his voyage on the HMS beagle.
Cells are the smallest level of
biological organization.
Deductive reasoning is when
general principles are found
from SPECIFIC cases.
Hypothesis always withstanding
the test of experiments is NOT
true.
D
The scientific process involves
rejection of hypothesis that are
inconsistent with experimental
results
Darwin was greatly influenced
by Thomas Malthus and his “On
the Principles of Population”
Bat’s wings and porpoises’
flippers are considered
homologous structures
Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection
Those creatures who possess
favorable traits are more suitable
for survival and thus have a greater
chance of successful reproduction
and the passing of their traits to
their offspring.
What is an atom made up of?
Protons (positive charged
subatomic particles)
Neutrons (neutral subatomic
particles)
Electrons (negative charged
subatomic particles)
What are isotopes?
Elements with the same proton
number but different neutron
number
What are valence electrons?
Outermost electrons orbiting the
nucleus of an atom giving the
atom it’s chemical
characteristics
Periodic Table – arranged
according to chemical
characteristics and numbered
according to the number of
protons in the nucleus
Elements strive towards filling
their outer shell with the
maximum number of electrons
(8) – this is called the Octet
Rule and it’s one of the
characteristics of elements that
categorizes them on the PT.
Noble/Inert gases have fulfilled
the Octet Rule and are nonreactive with the other
elements.
Dimetri Mendeleev constructed
the Periodic Table to help
organize the known elements of
his time.
Water
polarity – water molecules have
unequal charges. The hydrogen
“ears” are slightly positive and
the oxygen “face” is slightly
negative
Water has a high specific heat.
It takes a lot of energy to heat
up 1 gram of water 1 degrees
celsius.
When water evaporates – a
great deal of energy (heat) is
used to convert it from a liquid
to a gas. This process helps to
cool our bodies when we sweat.
Water is a powerful solvent due
to it’s polar characteristics. It
tends to disassociate ions and
in turn “dissolves” substances in
it readily
Ordinary oxygen has 8 neutrons
Atoms in which the number of
electrons does not equal the
number of protons are known as
ions
An atom of nitrogen has an
atomic number of 7, an atomic
mass of 14 , and 7 electrons
Carbon has 4 valence electrons
available as bonding sites.
They are all equidistant
A carbohydrate that is a
macromolecule which contains
CHO, with a 2:1 ratio between
the C:O
Monosaccharides are simple
sugars such as glucose,
galactose, and fructose. They
are “one sugar” molecules.
Disacharides are transport
sugars, such as lactose and
sucrose
Polysaccharides are long chains
of simple sugars, such as
starch, chitin, cellulose and
pectin
A transport sugar is a
disaccharide that can be stored
in an organism without being
acted upon. They are able to
move throughout without being
digested.
Starch is a polysaccharide
made up of long chains of
glucose. It is the form in which
plants store glucose
Cellulose is a polysaccharide
that is made up of very long
chains of glucose and serve as
a structural material, giving
plants strength in their cell walls
Lipids are made up of CHO,
however, the ratio of C to H is
much higher than in
carbohydrates.
Unsaturated fats have 1 carbon
to carbon double bond per fatty
acid chain
Polyunsaturated fats have 2 or
more carbon to carbon double
bonds in their fatty acid chains
Saturated fats do not contain
any double bonds in their fatty
acid chains and as a result are
solids at room temperature
Proteins are made up of CHON.
They are chains of amino acids
The amino acids are held
together by peptide bonds
Proteins can assume a primary
(linear) shape, secondary
(pleated sheet or helix), tertiary
(globular) or quarternary (more
than one protein together)
Denaturation is when the pH,
temperature, or salt
concentration changes to the
degree that it causes the protein
to unravel or fall apart.
DNA and RNA are the two types
of nucleic acids
DNA
double helix
thymine
deoxyribose sugar
RNA
single strand
uracil
ribose sugar
Carbon
dehydration
denaturation
chitin
glycerol
R
oils/liquids
aromatic