BA - Faperta UGM
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Transcript BA - Faperta UGM
BIOGENIC AMINES PRODUCED
BY MICROORGANISM
Minggu-3
B.A. : Histamine, Tyrramine, Tryptamine, Cadavarine,
Putrescine, 2-Phenyl-ethylamine, Spermidine, and
Spemine
Health problem : nervous, gastric and intestinal
system, and blood presure.
Present in living organism
In Food, Mainly Produced by microbial
decarboxyltion of amino acid.
Their physiological mecanism to get energy
Their precursors amino acid and M.O. have enzyme
amino acid decarboxlases
B.A. were found cheese, fermented vegetables,
meat, and fish products
1. Familia Enterobacteriaceae
Generlly high Decarboxylase Activity (D.A)
Citrobacter freundii and Proteus vulgaris, weaker
D.A. species
Enterobacter cloacea and Serratia were high
putrescine and cadaverine producers
E. cloacae, E. eogenes, Klesiella oxytoca and
Morganella morganii were histamine producers
These M.O. are present in low number, but not
correct storage of raw material and uncontrolled
fermentation can induce to release their
decrboxylase.
2. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
LAB are generally considered to be not toxinogenic
or phatogenic
But some species can produce BA
Some strain Lactococcus and Leuconostoc are
tyramine producers.
Lactobacilli: L. buchneri, L. alimentarius, L.
plantarum, L. curvatus, and so on were also
tyramine producers
Carnobacterium was observed to produce tyramine
LAB are not produce histamine, diamine
(putrescine and cadavarine)
3. Family Micrococcaceae
Histidine decarboxylase activity was observed in
some species of genera Micrococcus and
Straphylococcus.
S. xylosus and some strain Kocuria spp. are high
histamine producer
S. cornosus and S. piscifermentans can produce
Histamine, Cadavarine, Putrescine, and 2-Phenylethylamine.
Staphylococci (used as starter) are not produce
histamin but weak tyramine
4. Other microorganism
Yeast, Debariomyces and Candida have high
histidine decarboxylase activity than LAB
and staphylococci
Some unidentified strain yeast were able
produce 2-Phenyl-ethylamine and tyramine.
Gram negative bacteria (pseudomonas) are
strong producer BA
Proteolitic activity
Was done by microbial and endogenous enzymes
Proteolysis is favoured by the denturation of protein
Production of BA has often been related to the
proteolytic activity of M.O.
However, no direct correlation has been found
between proteoltic activity of S. xylosus and BA
production
High temperature, pH and low salt can acelerate the
amino acid accumulation and stimulate amine
formation
Starter culture
LAB are widely used fermented food industry as
starter culture.
Micrococci and/or coagulase-negative staphylococci,
inoculated together with LAB, contribute to
development flavour as a result of their proteolytic
and lipolytic activities.
Produce catalase to protect rencidity and reduce
netrates to nitrites, improving colour formation and
stability
The starter organism Don’t Form BA
Rapid pH decrease by starter can largerly prevent BA
Selected strain L. sakei can reduce BA
L. sakei CTC494 along with proteolytic S. cornosus and S.
xylosus reduce total BA content 80-90% with respect to
fermented food without starter (Bover-Cid et al., 2001).
In contrast, the use single starter LAB Pediococcus
cerevisiae and L. plantarum did not decrease BA (Rice
and Koehler, 1976; Buncic et al., 1993)
Slight reduction of tyramine, cadaverine and putrescine
was fermented sausages with starter M. carnosus plus L.
plantarum and M. carnosus plus L. pentosaceus
(Hernandez- et al., 1997).
BA controlling raw fish microbial quality, particularly
amine positive bacteria.
Chemico-physical factor influencing BA production
a. pH
Key factor influencing the amino acid decarboxylase
Amine Formation was a physicological mechanism to
counteract an acid environment (Koessler, 1928)
Bacterial BA have acid pH optimum (Gale, 1946)
Corelation BA production and decrease pH,evidence
However, amin formation depended on growth of M.O., than
growth condition (Yosinaga& Frank,1986)
Acidification MRS broth by glucono-d-lactone decrease amine
and cell count (Maijala et al.,1993)
Rapid & sharp reduction pH is known to reduce growth of the
amine-positive M.O.
b. Sodium chloride
Rate amine production L. bulgaricus was reduced when
salt increased from 0-6% (Chander, 1989)
Henry & Koehler (1986) demonstrate NaCl 3.5- 5.5%
could inhibit histamine production
c. Redox potential
Low redox potential influence to low BA
Aw has corilation with growth and BA
d. Temperature
Has marked effect formation BA in fishing industries an
cheese.
Carnobacterium devergens produce more BA at 25oC
than 15oC
High temp. (15oC) can favour proteolytic and
decarboxylating reaction, increasing BA
Incontrast, low temp. (4oC), putrescine can be
produced by psychrotrophic pseudomonas.
However lower BA amount were detected in
fermented sausage.
e. Additive
Sugar influence population dinamics,
consequently, production BA, because can
enhace growth starter culture.
Enterococci develop earlier if sugar not add
Bacterial amine oxidase (AO)
AO can oxidase several BA. BA’s inactivated by AO
The potential role of MO involved in food fermenta-tions with
AO activity has been inverstigated with aim to prevent or
reduce the acumulation of BA
Leuschner et al.(1998) tested in vitro potential amine
degradation by many MO isolated from f-food, genera
Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus, S. carnosus and
Brevibacterium linens.
AO have high activity in high temp.
Highest degradation rate amine waas observed at 37oC.
S. xylosus S81 completely oxidised histamine.