Transcript Enzymes
Enzymes
Overview
Enzymes -- proteins that catalyze a specific
chemical reaction.
Each enzyme is specific to a specific chemical
reaction.
The substance on which an enzyme acts is
known as a substrate.
The structure of the enzyme does not change
as a result of the reaction.
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Key Functions of Enzymes
Ripen fruits and vegetables.
Spoil fruits and vegetables after harvest.
Change flavor, color, texture, and nutritive
value of food.
Decrease shelf-life if not inactivated.
Extract and purify commercially to:
Break down starch
Tenderize meat
Clarify wines
Coagulate milk
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Naturally-Occurring Enzymes
Trigger enzymatic browning
Found in large amounts in:
pineapple
papaya
figs
Meat tenderizers made from
compounds in fruit
Bromelain -- Pineapple
Papain -- Papaya
Ficin -- Fig
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Enzymatic Reaction
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Factors that Affect Enzyme
Activity
Two factors will affect
enzyme activity:
water availability
amount of substrate
Enzymatic reactions
generally occur in the
presence of water.
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Water Availability
Water acts as a reactant and solvent in
enzymatic reactions.
Less water available the slower the
enzymatic reaction.
Reactions occur more slowly in dried
foods (dried milk) than in moist foods
(fluid milk).
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Amount of substrate
Substrate is molecule upon
which enzyme acts.
Substrate binds with the
enzyme's active site and
enzyme-substrate complex
formed.
More substrate in a solution, the
greater the rate of the reaction
Enzymes have more product with
which to react.
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Denaturation of Enzymes
Factors that Denature Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins.
Denaturation:
changes the structure of the
protein
stops enzyme activity
Enzymes denatured by:
heat
pH
salts
enzyme inhibitors
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Heat
Enzymatic reaction rates
increase as temperature
increases.
Denaturation occurs at 104°F
or hotter.
Too much heat slows and stops
enzyme activity.
Heating can destroy enzymes
that alter food quality.
Example -- blanching
vegetables to prevent spoilage
during frozen storage.
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pH
pH and rate of enzymatic reaction
pH and denaturation of enzymes
Specific to each enzyme
Optimal pH range.
Most enzymes will denature if pH is too
high or too low.
Changing the pH can speed up, slow, or
stop enzymatic reactions
Lemon juice to apples
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Salts
Salt is commonly used
in food production
Binds to enzymes in
food that cause spoilage
Changes the water
activity
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Enzyme Inhibitors
Substance that will prevent the enzymesubstrate complex
Naturally occurring
Enzymatic reactions slowed or stopped.
Egg whites
Pesticides that are naturally part of a plant
structure
Synthetic compounds
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Enzyme Activity
Effects on Food
Positive effects:
Make food easier to eat – meat tenderizer
Preserve food – change milk into cheese
Improve flavor, quality, or appearance – add lactase
to produce lactose-free dairy products.
Negative effects:
Enzymatic browning
Spoilage
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Make Food Easier to Eat
Meat tenderizers, enzymes that can be
added:
during aging
prior to cooking
Enzymes break down tough protein
fibers for a more tender product.
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Preserve Food
Converting milk into cheese
increases shelf-life of milk.
Rennin (an enzyme) is added
to coagulate milk proteins.
Some enzymes are also
released by bacterial cultures
to create unique flavors,
textures, and colors.
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Improve flavor, quality, or
appearance
Amylases – baked goods
Invertase – artificial honey and candy
Lactase – lactose- free milk
Pectic enzymes – fruit juices
Protease – baked goods, meat
Rennin -- cheese
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Enzymatic Browning
Reaction of oxygen and the enzyme
(phenolase)
Results in desirable and undesirable
color and structure changes
Desirable changes – browning of raisins,
figs, dates
Undesirable changes -- fruit becomes
discolored, mushy, bruised
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Preventing Enzymatic Browning
Prevent oxygen from combining with
the enzyme phenolase
Cold storage slows enzyme activity.
Add preservatives, such as:
sulfites,
ascorbic acid,
citric acid, and/or
acetic acid
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Spoilage
Prolonged enzyme activity can cause
food to spoil.
Overripening of fruit
Food processors control enzymatic
activity by:
replacing oxygen to slow action of oxidases
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Phytochemicals
Definition and Benefits
Phytochemicals -- group of compounds
naturally produced by plants
Found in vegetables, fruits, grains, herbs,
spices.
Gives plant foods color and flavor.
Helps plants resist pests and disease.
Provides potential health benefits.
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Sources of Phytochemicals
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Seven Families of
Phytochemicals
Seven Families
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Allyl sulfides
Carotenoids – carotenes, xanthophylls
Flavonoids – isoflavones
Indoles – isothiocyanates
Phenolic acids (or phenols) – polyphenols
Saponins
Terpenes
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Characteristics
Scientists are examining their:
structure,
stability in food, and
sources.
Function
Gives foods color and flavor.
Helps plants resist pests and disease.
Provides potential health benefits.
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1 -- Allyl Sulfides
Contain sulfur
Increase enzyme
reactions
Sources -- onions, garlic,
leeks, chives
Benefits in raw and
cooked forms
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2 -- Carotenoids
Over 600 known
carotenoids
Precursors to vitamin
A
Subgroups
Carotenes
Xanthophylls
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Carotenes
Contain only carbon and hydrogen
atom
Not readily destroyed by heat
Alpha-carotene – pumpkins
and carrots
Beta-carotene – dark green &
yellow vegetables
Lycopene – tomatoes,
watermelon, guava, and red
peppers
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Xanthophylls
Yellow and orange in
color
Stability related to food
source
Lutein and zeaxanthin
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3 -- Flavonoids
Most red and white in color
Responsible for flavor
Potential benefits
Anti-flammatory/anti-carcinogen
Sources
Apples
Broccoli
Cranberries
Onions
Red grape juice, and
Tea
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Isoflavones
Subgroup of flavonoids
Also called phytoestrogens or
plant hormones
Genistein and daidzein are
best known.
Sources:
Soy
Chickpeas
Licorice
Oriental vegetables -- Chinese
cabbage and bok choy
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4 -- Indoles
Found in cruciferous vegetables
Stimulate enzymatic reactions
Broccoli, cabbage, kale, and
cauliflower
Heating and thorough chewing
speed these chemical reactions
Isothiocyanates
subgroup that forms aroma in
Brussells sprouts, cabbage, turnips,
mustard greens, watercress, and
radishes
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5 -- Phenolic Acids
Weak acids
Sources:
Carrots
Citrus
Nuts
Raspberries
Strawberries
Tomatoes
Whole grains
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Polyphenols
Sources
Green and black teas
(green are higher)
Red and purple
grape products
Rosemary
Sunflower seeds,
barley, and apples
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6 -- Saponins
Product of a sugar and
alcohol
Sources:
Spinach, potatoes,
tomatoes, oats, beans,
legumes, soybeans, sugar
beets, peanuts, and
asparagus
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7 -- Terpenes
Flavor compound in
citrus, cherries and
many seasonings and
herbs
Taxol
Best known
Found in Pacific Yew
tree
Can be very toxic
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Best Sources of Phytochemicals
Fruits
Apples
Berries -- blueberries,
raspberries, blackberries, and
strawberries
Citrus peel
Dark orange fruits -- mango,
papaya, apricots, peaches,
nectarines
Red and purple grapes
Vegetables
Black and green tea
Dark green and orange
Herbs
Legumes
Nuts
Onions and garlic
Soy
Tomatoes
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