Transcript transcription

DNA is made of building blocks
called nucleotides. They consist of a
deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate
group and a nitrogen base. The
bases are adenine, thymine,
guanine, and cytosine.
Phosphate
group
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen
Base
REPLICATION : A
matches with T and
G matches with C,
DNA copies DNA
http://www.johnkyrk.
com/DNAreplication.h
tml
http://nobelprize.org/
chemistry/educationa
l/dna/b/replication/d
na_compounds.html
TRANSCRIPTION: A matches with U
and G matches with C, mRNA copies DNA
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscriptio
n.html
TRANSLATION: MRNA is decoded and a protein
is made from amino acids. Use a chart to decode
every three mRNA bases to see what amino acid
the tRNA’s will carry in to build a protein.
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranslation.html
MUTATION: Any change in the DNA
sequence. If it is a point mutation (one
letter is changed), it can change the amino
acid sequence by changing the code.
ATC
Deletion
Point mutation
ATG
Translation
Transcription
DNA
In nucleus
Now you try it:
mRNA
On ribosome
Protein
TACACCGTC
1. Write this DNA base pair sequence on you paper.
2. Write the complementary strand of DNA that would
bond to them.
3. Translate the strand into mRNA.
4. List the amino acids that these codons stand for. Use
the amino acid chart on the next slide.
TACACCGTC-
A
T
G
T
G
G
C
A
G
Complementary
strand that
would form in
Replication.
TACACCGTCDNA
A
U
G
U
G
G
C
A
G
mRNA
Transcription
Methionine
Peptide Bonds
Tryptophan
Glutamine
Amino Acids
Translation
Energy and matter flow
through ecosystems
Radiant energy from the sun is
converted to chemical energy in the
form of glucose (sugar) by
photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of
plant cells. Autotrophs
(plants/producers) use this energy in
respiration. The plant’s mitochondria
take that sugar and break it down into
ATP that the plant can use to carry out
daily life activities.
Part of the energy produced is stored in
chemical bonds of the plant and part of
it is released as heat to the environment.
Heterotrophs eat these producers. The
energy stored in their chemicals bonds is
used to carry out daily life functions.
Photosynthesis
Heat lost
through
respiration
Heat lost Heat lost
through
through
respiration respiration
Heat lost
through
respiration
Nutrients
returned to
environment
Producer
Primary
Consumer
Secondary
consumer
Tertiary
consumer
Decomposer
Wheat
Mouse
Snake
Owl
A food chain, shown above, shows one path
the energy can take. A food web is a
collection of several food chains, linked
together.
A food (or energy) pyramid is
another way to represent this
information. The pyramid
gets its shape from the fact
that the greatest amount of
energy in the ecosystem is
stored in the producers.
(There is more grass than
grasshoppers, and there are
more grasshoppers than
frogs.) There are very few
tertiary consumers in
ecosystems because it takes a
lot of energy feed one.
Toxins(poisons) can
build up in the food
chain. They are
the least
concentrated in
the producers, but
can build up in the
bodies of animals
as they feed. The
higher an animal is
on the food
pyramid, the more
poision he has
consumed.
Niche-Animal’s role in the
ecosystem. Types of niches:
Herbivore-eats only
plants/producers, Omnivore-eats
both plants and animals, Carnivoreeats consumers only (meat),
Predator-hunts, Prey-what is being
hunted, Decomposer-usually fungus
or bacteria that eat dead material
and returns nutrients to the
environment (may not be included
in food webs and pyramids).
Symbiosis: Organisms can have dependent
relationships. Mutualism(+,+)-both or
organisms benefit from the relationship.
Remoras clean sharks. The remoras get
food and protection. The sharks get
clean. Commensalism (+,0) –one organism
benefits, the other is not effected.
Spanish moss grows on trees receiving
light and nutrients from the air. The tree
is not helped or harmed. Parasitism(+,-)one organism benefits, the other is
harmed. The tick receives food, the dog
is bitten.
Barnacles and Whales
Cow and Cattle Egret
Lion and Gazelle
Clownfish and Sea Anemone
Flower and Bumblebee
Dog and Flea
Parents and Children