Transcript 1.f Know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts

1.f Know usable energy is
captured from sunlight by
chloroplasts & is stored
through the synthesis of sugar
from carbon dioxide (CO2).
Vocabulary
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Photosynthesis
Pigment
Chlorophyll
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Thylakoid
Photosystem
Stroma
Light-dependent reactions
ATP synthase
Calvin Cycle
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Calorie
Glycolysis
Cellular respiration
NAD+
NADP+
Fermentation
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport chain
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Chloroplast
• Chloroplasts
– Plants and some other
organisms contain
chloroplasts.
– Chloroplasts capture
__________ from
sunlight and convert it
into chemical energy in
a process called
__________________.
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are surrounded by two
membranes.
• Chloroplasts contain the green pigment
_______________________.
8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
• The key cellular process identified with
8-2
Photosynthesis:
An Overview
energy
production is ________________.
• Photosynthesis is the process in which
green plants use the energy of sunlight to
convert water and carbon dioxide into
high-energy carbohydrates and ________.
– What is the overall equation for
photosynthesis?
• The equation for photosynthesis is:
• ______________
• carbon dioxide + water
________________
sugars + oxygen
The Photosynthesis Equation
– Photosynthesis uses the __________ of
sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide
into high-energy sugars and oxygen.
The Photosynthesis Equation
Light energy
H2O
Light-Dependent
Reactions
(thylakoids)
ADP
+
NADP
O2
ATP
NADPH
CO2
+
H20
Photosynthesis is a series of reactions that uses light energy from the
sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.
Sugar
Calvin Cycle
(stroma)
Energy
6CO2 + 6H2O 
______________

C6H12O6 + 6O2
___________
Light and Pigments
• What is the role of light and chlorophyll in
photosynthesis?
– Light and Pigments
– How do plants capture the energy of sunlight?
In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll.
• Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing
molecules called _____________________.
• The main pigment in plants is ____________________.
• There are two main types of chlorophyll:
– chlorophyll a
– chlorophyll b
Light and Pigments
Estimated Absorption (%)
• Chlorophyll absorbs light well in the blue-violet and
red regions of the visible spectrum.
100
80
60
40
20
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Wavelength (nm)
Light and Pigments
Estimated Absorption (%)
• Chlorophyll does not absorb light in the
_____________region of the spectrum. Green light
is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look
green.
100
80
60
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
40
20
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Wavelength (nm)
Photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. In
the graph above, notice how chlorophyll a absorbs
light mostly in the blue-violet and red regions of the
visible spectrum, whereas chlorophyll b absorbs light
in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum.
Light and Pigments
– _______________ is a form of energy, so any
compound that absorbs light also absorbs
energy from that light.
– When chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the
energy is transferred directly to electrons in
the chlorophyll molecule, raising the energy
levels of these electrons.
– These high-energy __________________ are
what make photosynthesis work.
8-3 The Reactions of
Photosynthesis
Where are you Mr. Chloroplast?
Inside a Chloroplast
• Inside a Chloroplast
• In plants, __________________ takes place inside
_________________.
Plant
Chloroplast
Plant cells
Inside a Chloroplast
• Chloroplasts contain _________________—
saclike photosynthetic membranes.
Single
thylakoid
Chloroplast
Inside a Chloroplast
• Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as
___________. A singular stack is called a _______.
Granum
Chloroplast
Inside a Chloroplast
• Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize
chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called
________________________, which are the lightcollecting units of the chloroplast.
Photosystems
Chloroplast
Inside a Chloroplast
• The reactions of photosystems include: the lightdependent reactions and the light-independent
reactions, or ____________________.
• The light-dependent reactions take place within the
thylakoid membranes.
• The Calvin cycle takes place in the
________________, which is the region outside
the thylakoid membranes.
Inside a Chloroplast
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Lightdependent
reactions
Calvin
Calvin
cycle
Cycle
Chloroplast
Sugars
O2
The process of photosynthesis includes the light-dependent reactions as well as the
Calvin cycle.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
____________________
What does the cell do when it
has the energy it needs to
function?
1g. Know the role the
mitochondria in making stored
chemical-bond energy
available to cells by
completing the breakdown of
glucose to carbon dioxide.
Where are you Ms.
Mitochondria?
What is the function of the
mitochondria?
• Mitochondria
– Nearly all eukaryotic cells
contain mitochondria.
– Mitochondria
_______________ the
chemical energy stored in
food into compounds that
are more convenient for
the cell to use.
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are enclosed by two
membranes—an outer membrane and an
inner membrane.
• The inner membrane is folded up inside
the organelle.
9-1 Chemical Pathways
• ______________ serves as a source of raw
materials for the cells in the body and as a source
of energy.
Animal Cells
Animal
Mitochondrion
Plant
Plant Cells
• Both plant and animal cells carry out the final
stages of ________________ in the mitochondria.
Outer membrane
Intermembrane
space
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Inner
membrane
Matrix
Chemical Energy and Food
• Chemical Energy and Food
• One gram of the sugar glucose (______________), when
burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of
heat energy.
• A _________________ is the amount of energy needed to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
• Cells don't “burn” glucose. Instead, they gradually release the
energy from glucose and other food compounds.
• This process begins with a pathway called
__________________.
• Glycolysis releases a small amount of energy.
Overview of Cellular Respiration
• Overview of Cellular Respiration
• If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the
Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
• Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron
transport chain make up a process called
______________________________.
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Electrons carried in NADH
Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
Electrons carried
in NADH and
FADH2
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
What is cellular respiration?
• Cellular respiration is the process that
releases energy by breaking down
_______________ and other __________
molecules in the presence of oxygen.
– The equation for cellular respiration is:
– 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
– oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + Energy
• Each of the three stages of cellular respiration
captures some of the chemical energy available in
food molecules and uses it to produce _________.
Overview of Cellular Respiration
• Glycolysis takes place in the ________________.
The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place
in the mitochondria.
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Glycolysis
• What happens during the process of
glycolysis?
– Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of
glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules
of pyruvic acid, a ___-carbon compound.
– The Advantages of Glycolysis
• The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can
produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few
milliseconds.
• Glycolysis does not require _____________.
Fermentation
• Fermentation
• When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a
different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and
glycolysis is called fermentation.
• _____________________ releases energy from food
molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
• During fermentation, cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing
high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid.
• This action converts NADH back into NAD+, and allows
glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ATP.
• Fermentation does not require oxygen—it is an
_________________ process.
Fermentation
• What are the two main types of
fermentation?
– The two main types of fermentation are lactic
acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Fermentation
– __________________ Fermentation
• Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic
fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as
wastes.
• The equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is:
• pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
– __________________ Fermentation
• In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of
glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.
• This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It
regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
Cellular Respiration
________________________
ATP in a Molecule
• _____________ is essential to _______.
• All living organisms must:
– Produce energy from environment
– Store energy for future use.
– Use energy in a controlled manner
– Examples: _______ transport, cell
______________, movement
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Name of energy molecule
• Composed of an adenosine molecule w/
3 phosphate groups attached
• Energy is stored in the chemical bonds
– Break a bond = _______________ energy
– Form a bond = ______________ energy
Energy
• Compare energy to building blocks
• The more phosphate groups, the more
stored up energy
1. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
2. Adenosine diphosphate (______)
3. Adenosine triphosphate (_____)
• The third phosphate group wants to break
away so bad, when it does a great deal of
energy is _________________.
• Some cell functions don’t need ATP to run off
of, they can run off of ADP energy instead.
What is energy used for?
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•
To maintain ________________
Making new molecules
Mobility
Movement of molecules through out the
system
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
_______________
____________________
The Totals
• The Totals
• Glycolysis produces just __ ATP molecules per
molecule of glucose.
• The complete breakdown of glucose through
cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in
the production of ________ molecules of ATP.
Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
• Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
• The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular
respiration take place in opposite directions.