Transcript Carbon Chemistry

Carbon Chemistry
Table of Contents
Properties of Carbon
Carbon Compounds
Life With Carbon
Carbon Chemistry - Properties of Carbon
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Carbon atoms and the bonds between them can be modeled
in several ways.
Carbon Chemistry - Properties of Carbon
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Few elements have the ability of carbon
to bond with both itself and other
elements in so many different ways. With
four valence electrons, each carbon atom
is able to form four bonds. Carbon atoms
can form straight chains, branched
chains, and rings.
Carbon Chemistry - Properties of Carbon
Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes are four forms
of the element carbon.
Carbon Chemistry - Properties of Carbon
Carbon Bonding Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about carbon bonding.
Carbon Chemistry - Properties of Carbon
Using Prior Knowledge
Before you read, look at the section headings and visuals to
see what this section is about. Then, write what you know
about carbon in a graphic organizer like the one below. As
you read, continue to write what you learn.
What You Know
1. Carbon atoms have six electrons.
2. Diamond is one form of carbon.
What You Learned
1. Carbon has four valence electrons and is able to form
four bonds.
2. Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes are four
forms of pure carbon.
Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:
Properties of
Carbon
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Carbon Everywhere
Carbon is a part of your daily life. Even during a simple
shopping trip, you’ll likely encounter many carbon
compounds.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds
With some exceptions, compounds that contain carbon are
called organic compounds. These three lists represent only a
few examples of organic compounds.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
A structural formula shows the kind, number, and
arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
The graph shows the boiling
points of several hydrocarbons.
(Note: Some points on the y-axis
are negative.)
Use the graph to answer the
following questions.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Reading Graphs:
Where is 0ºC on the graph?
Almost in the center of the yaxis
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Interpreting Data:
What is the approximate
boiling point of C3H8? C5H12?
C6H14?
C3H8: about –44ºC;
C5H12: about 34ºC;
C6H14: about 68ºC
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Calculating:
What is the temperature
difference between the boiling
points of C3H8 and C5H12?
About 78ºC
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Drawing Conclusions:
At room temperature (about
22ºC), which of the
hydrocarbons are solids?
Liquids? Gases? How can you
tell?
C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10 are gases
because their boiling points are
below room temperature (about
22ºC). C5H12 and C6H14 may be
liquid or solid because
hydrocarbons with boiling points
higher than 23ºC are not gases at
room temperature.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
Compounds that have the same chemical formula but
different structures are called isomers. Each isomer is a
different substance with its own characteristic properties.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms can
form a double bond or a triple bond.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons
A hydroxyl group (–OH) is made of an oxygen atom and a
hydrogen atom. An alcohol is a substituted hydrocarbon that
contains one more more hydroxyl groups.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons
An organic acid is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains
one or more carboxyl groups. A carboxyl group is written as –
COOH.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Outlining
As you read, make an outline
about carbon compounds.
Use the red headings for the
main ideas and the blue
headings for the supporting
ideas.
Carbon Compounds
I. Organic Compounds
II. Hydrocarbons
A. Properties of Hydrocarbons
B. Chemical Formulas of
Hydrocarbons
III. Structure and Bonding in
Hydrocarbons
A. Structural Formulas
B. Isomers
C. Double Bonds and Triple
Bonds
D. Saturated and Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
IV. Substituted Hydrocarbons
A. Compounds Containing
Halogens
B. Alcohols
C. Organic Acids
V. Esters
VI. Polymers
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Click the Video button to watch a movie about hydrocarbons.
Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Bonding
Click the Video button to watch a movie about bonding.
Carbon Chemistry - Carbon Compounds
Links on Carbon Compounds
Click the SciLinks button for links on carbon compounds.
Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:
Carbon
Compounds
Carbon Chemistry - Life With Carbon
Carbohydrates
A carbohydrate is an energyrich organic compound made
of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. One
of the most important sugars
in the body is the monomer
glucose.
Carbon Chemistry - Life With Carbon
Proteins
Different proteins are made when
different sequences of amino acids
are linked into long chains. Alanine
and serine are two of the 20 amino
acids, all of which have a similar
structure. Each amino acid has a
carboxyl group (–COOH) and an
amino group (–NH2).
Carbon Chemistry - Life With Carbon
The Molecules of Life
Complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
are all large organic molecules. They are built of smaller
molecules linked in different patterns.
Carbon Chemistry - Life With Carbon
Asking Questions
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic
organizer like the one below, ask a what question for each
heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.
Question
What is a carbohydrate?
Answer
A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic
compound made of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are proteins?
Proteins are polymers formed from amino
acid monomers.
What are lipids?
Lipids are energy-rich compounds made
of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
What are nucleic acids?
What are other compounds in
foods?
Nucleic acids are very large organic
molecules made up of carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Other compounds in foods include
vitamins, minerals, and water.
Carbon Chemistry - Life With Carbon
Links on Organic Compounds
Click the SciLinks button for links on organic compounds.
Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:
Life With Carbon
Carbon Chemistry
Graphic Organizer
Comparing and Contrasting Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Made from
amino acids
Made from
nucleotides
Organic
molecules
Build and
repair body
parts
Determine the
sequence of
amino acids in
proteins
Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:
Graphic Organizer