Transcript Carbon-Based Molecules

Carbon-Based Molecules
KEY CONCEPT
Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Carbon-Based Molecules
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms,
including other carbon atoms.
• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of
structures.
– straight chain
– branched chain
– ring
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small
subunits bonded together.
– Monomers are the individual subunits.
– Polymers are made of many monomers.
Carbon-Based Molecules
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in
living things.
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
Carbon-Based Molecules
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in
living things.
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
– Carbohydrates include
sugars and starches.
– Monosaccharides are
simple sugars.
– Polysaccharides include
starches, cellulose, and
glycogen.
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide
energy for cells.
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of
glucose monomers that
often has a branched
structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
monomer
Cellulose is a polymer
of glucose monomers
that has a straight, rigid
structure
Carbon-Based Molecules
Some Basic Functions
• Energy source for all animals and plants
• Energy storage for plants and animals
• Humans use Cellulose to work as a natural pipe snake
SOURCES
• Starchy Foods
• Sugary Foods
• Veggies
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Lipids have several different functions.
– broken down as a source of energy
– make up cell membranes
– used to make hormones
Carbon-Based Molecules
LIPIDS (4 types)
•
•
•
•
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
WAXES
HORMONES
Carbon-Based Molecules
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils
The Main functions of
Triglycerides are:
– Energy Storage
•1g of fat contains nearly
2x as much energy as 1g of a polysaccharide.
– Insulation (mainly sea critters)
• Blubber
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and
cholesterol.
– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
– Fats and oils (triglycerides) contain fatty acids bonded
to glycerol.
Triglyceride
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
– saturated fatty acids
– unsaturated fatty acids
ALL IN THE BONDS
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
– Polar phosphate “head”
– Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid
Carbon-Based Molecules
WAXES
• STRUCTURE:
– 1 FA tail attached to an Alcohol
•
Extremely hydrophobic(water bad mmkay)
– Means it is a natural protective coat found on apples
and pears, but it really shines as a dehydration
preventive coating for many animals like insects.
Carbon-Based Molecules
HORMONES
Names of hormones (steroids) tend to end in either –in(e),
ron(e), -ogen (usually used for precursors)
• Are created from cholesterol.
– A lipid that has a 4 ring structure.
– Cholesterol is found in the cell membrane acting as
somewhat of a structure reinforcer.
• Steroids include the sexual hormones and many
non-sex linked hormones.
Carbon-Based Molecules
Fun with STEROIDS
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
- These are synthetic types of steroids made from
male testosterone.
- BENEFITS:
Helps to treat anemia (muscle attacking disease)
Quickly builds muscle
- COSTS:
Roid Rage due to chemicals in brain being thrown off
(HULK ANGRY!!! HULK SMASH!!!!!!)
Liver damage
Decreased libido or sterility (Look masculine, but have all the drive and
potentency of a Ken Doll)
Bloated face
Carbon-Based Molecules
Tammy in 2007
Steroids anyone?
Tammy Thomas
-US Cycling Gold Medalist
Tammy in 2001
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins
in organisms.
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins
in organisms.
– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins
in organisms.
– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
– Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
Carbon-Based Molecules
Some Protein Function
• Builds parts of you body like muscles.
• Also work as Enzymes (we will learn more when we talk
about Proteins in more depth)
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
deoxyribose (sugar)
nitrogen-containing molecule,
called a base
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogen base.
– DNA stores genetic DNA
information.
– RNA builds proteins. RNA