Transcript General Biology BIOCHEM CURRENT USE THIS ONE3

The Nature of Matter
Day 1
Write down the title of today’s lecture
and the date in your notebook.
Update your learning objectives as we proceed!
The Nature of Matter (2-1)
 First, turn to your neighbor
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Discuss the question, “What do you know about
atoms?” (hint: use your learning objectives)
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What are they made of? What do they look like?
What else do you remember about them?
Be ready to share in one minute
Copy the diagram we develop on the board
 Atom: simplest unit of matter; cannot easily be
broken down into electrons, neutrons, protons
 Fun fact (you are not responsible for this):
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There are about 1028 atoms in your body!
100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Atoms and molecules
 What is the difference between atoms and
molecules? Educated guess!
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Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share
 Volunteers! I need three of you, please
 Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically joined
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Function as a unit with new properties
Can be split back apart into individual atoms
Molecules can be small (water – only 3 atoms)
Molecules can be huge (table sugar has 45 atoms!)
Elements and Compounds
 What are elements and compounds?
Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share anything
 Element: material that has only ONE type of ATOM
 Ex: sodium
 Ex: chlorine
 Compound: material that contains only ONE type of
MOLECULE.
 Ex: sodium chloride
 Remember: elements contain one type of atom
 Pure compounds contain one type of molecule
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 I need 8 volunteers this time
Review
 Use about half a page to create the following
table in your notes
Atom
Molecule
A lot of one type of
element
A lot of one type of
compound
Review
 Use the kits to develop a model that
shows the differences between:
One atom of hydrogen
One molecule of water
A small amount of the pure element hydrogen
A small amount of the pure compound “water” (or H2O)
 Show your model to Mr. Welman
 Record a drawing of the model in your table.
 Note: each ball represents a single atom
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Sticks can connect atoms to form one molecule
 When done: complete “exit slip” – turn in
Lipids and Carbohydrates
(Record title and date)
Today’s and Tomorrow’s learning objective:•
Explain basic properties of lipids, carbohydrates,
proteins, and nucleic acids
Organic Carbon Compounds (2-3)
 What does the term “organic carbon compound”
mean to you? Discuss, be ready to share.
 Organic carbon compounds: Macromolecules that
contain carbon & are/were part of a living organism.
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Macromolecules = Really large compounds
Organic carbon compounds BUILD all living material.
Protein macromolecule
Water molecule
4 main types of
organic carbon compounds
 What are they? Check your learning objectives.
 Lipids
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
Lipids – what are they?
 Include “oils” (liquids), “fats” (solids)
 Oil examples: olive oil, diesel fuel
 Fat examples: cholesterol, trans fats, butter,
lard, some vitamins
Lipids – why are they important?
 What do you know about fats and oils?
 Store long-term energy (fat)
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Fats difficult to break down (metabolize), but store
more energy than carbs (sugars, grains, etc)
 Question: what would you eat before a long run?
Lipids (oils/fats) or carbohydrates (sugars/grains)?
 Carbohydrates
 Question: What do cells use to store lots of
energy: Lipids or carbohydrates?
 Lipids
Lipids– why else are they important?
 Make up cell membranes
 Cell messengers (help cells talk to each other)
 Long-term energy storage
 “Head” with 2 or 3 “tails”
Carbohydrates – what are they?
 What do you know about carbohydrates?
 Monosaccharides
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Single sugar – a simple ring molecule
Examples:
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Fructose (in honey, some fruits)
Glucose (very common – energy for cells)
 Polysaccharides – What does this mean?
 MANY monosaccharides combined
Carbohydrates – polysaccharides
 Plants store extra glucose as “starch”
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Many glucose combined = starch (e.g. potatoes)
Animals eat, break down starch – get quick energy
 Animals store extra glucose as “glycogen”
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Many glucose combined = glycogen
Stored in our liver & muscle cells
 Question: What is the difference
between glycogen and starch?
Carbohydrates – why are they
important?
 Quick energy use
 Short-term energy storage
 Cell structure – especially in plants
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Cell walls = cellulose (fiber)
Exit slip!
 1 min to review, ask questions
 Then complete exit slip in order to leave class.
Warmup – Written
Work alone, using your notes
 1) List one function of carbohydrates.
 2) List one function of lipids.
 3) You eat too much sugar. Would your body store it
as starch, glycogen, or a fat?
 Glycogen – in liver & muscles
Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Today’s learning objective:
Explain basic properties of lipids, carbohydrates,
proteins, and nucleic acids
Outline
 Questions from yesterday?
 Proteins and nucleic acids – notes/discussion!
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(And you get to eat a cracker!)
 Interactive review!
Nucleic Acids – what are they?
 What is DNA? What does it do? Discuss.
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
 RNA (Ribononucleic Acid)
 Molecules that build proteins
 Hereditary
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Passed from parent(s) to offspring
Nucleic Acid – Structure
 What does DNA look like?
 DNA – double strand
“Double helix”
 RNA – single strand
 “Single helix”
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 Questions about DNA?
Proteins – what are they?
 What do you know about proteins? Discuss.
 They’re macromolecules made of amino
acids joined together
 What are macromolecules again?
 DNA – contains instructions to build proteins
 DNA puts amino acids in long chains
 Fold into specific shape = specific job
 If shape is changed, protein won’t work!
Proteins – why are they important?
 Proteins
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Helps build muscles, bones
Create most of your traits (what you look like!)
Move materials in and out of cells
Helps with immune responses
Control the rate of chemical reactions
(ENZYMES!)
Enzymes and chemical reactions
 What is a chemical reaction? Discuss.
 Chemical reaction:
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One or more chemicals (reactants) react to form
different chemicals (products)
Reactant(s)  Product(s)
 Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
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Occur in living organisms (cells)
Often millions of time faster!
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Speed up = “catalyze”
ENZYMES ARE ONE TYPE OF PROTEIN
Amylase- time to eat a cracker!
 Amylase is an ENZYME that helps 1 starch
molecule…
 …get broken down into 3 glucose
molecules
 Without amylase, your body could not
break down starch efficiently.
Proteins and enzymes
 Enzymes provide a site for chemicals to come
together to react – like a “lock and key”
 Enzymes are specific – only help certain
chemicals react. (Animation – describe in notes)
Proteins and enzymes
 Enzymes may either:
 Break down molecules
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(e.g. food) or
 Synthesize/build molecules
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(e.g. building new proteins)
Review – carbs, lipids, and proteins
 Review covers yesterday and today
 Not participating or off-topic = extra
homework (already printed…)
 Discuss, be ready to share each.
 What is the difference between a
monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?
 Monosaccharide = one ring; polysaccharide =
many combined monosaccharides
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Both are carbohydrates
 What are proteins made of?
 Amino acids
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(not nucleic acids – those are DNA/RNA)
 Is a lipid a molecule or an atom?
 Molecule
 Difference between glycogen and glucose?
 Glycogen is a polysaccharide made of many
glucose molecules.;
 Glycogen stores energy for short-term needs
 Glucose is available for immediate energy
 What is the difference between starch and
glycogen?
 Starch = plants; glycogen = animals
 What do enzymes do?
 Speed up chemical reactions
 Explain the “lock and key” analogy for how
enzymes and their substrates interact.
(Substrates are the chemical(s) they react
with) Short answer and/or labeled drawing.
 In this analogy, the enzyme is the lock and
the substrate is the key. The substrate fits
into a specific location in the enzyme, and
once they are joined together, the chemical
reaction can take place.
 What are some important functions of
proteins?
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Helps build muscles, bones
Create most of your traits (what you look like!)
Move materials in and out of cells
Helps with immune responses
Control the rate of chemical reactions
(ENZYMES!)
 What would be more likely to help you break
down food quickly: an enzyme or a nucleic
acid?
 Enzymes!
 What is more difficult for living organisms to
break down – a lipid or a carbohydrate?
 Lipids
 What is an important function of lipids?
 Make up cell membranes
 Cell messengers (help cells talk to each
other)
 Long-term energy storage
 What is an important function of
carbohydrates?
 Quick energy use
 Short-term energy storage
 Cell structure – especially in plants
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Cell walls = cellulose (fiber)
 What is an atom? Short answer. Be clear – a
vague answer will earn partial credit.
 An atom is the smallest whole unit of matter.
 What do nucleic acids contain instructions
for?
 Proteins (which build your traits)
 What is the difference between an atom and
a molecule? Short answer.
 An atom is the smallest “unit” of matter, while
a molecule is comprised of at least two atoms
chemically joined together.
 Which generally stores more energy: a typical
lipid molecule or a typical carbohydrate
molecule? One word answer.
 Lipid
Everything after this used in
previous years…
Catalase Lab!
 Catalase is an enzyme
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Present in your liver
Like all enzymes, it speeds up a chemical
reaction – it breaks down hydrogen peroxide
(a toxic cell waste product)
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The speed of this reaction is influenced by
temperature and other factors
2H2O2  2H20 + O2
(broken down into water and oxygen bubbles)
Proteins – what do they look like?
 Primary structure – the order of the amino
acids
Proteins – what do they look like?
 Secondary and tertiary structure
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Refer to how the protein is folded
USED THIS IN PREVIOUS YEARS….
Your task: Copy this table into your notebook and
complete fill in the blanks. You may work with your
neighbor. (Carbs and lipids right now, proteins later)
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Contain mostly:
List three important
functions
List three
examples
1) Energy
storage
Glucose (mono)
Proteins
Your task: Copy and complete this table into your
notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table)
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Contain mostly:
Carbon,
hydrogen
What do they look
like?
One “head”, two
or three “tails”
List three important
functions
Energy storage,
cell
communication,
hormones
Energy for cells, cell
structure (cellulose,
chitin), energy storage
List three
examples
Olive oil
Butter
Cholesterol
Glucose (mono)
Sucrose (di)
Starch/glycogen
(polysaccharide)
Proteins
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
or
or
Egg white, …
Your task: Copy and complete this table into your
notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table)
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
Proteins
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen
Contain mostly:
Carbon,
hydrogen
What do they look
like?
One “head”, two
or three “tails”
List three important
functions
Energy storage,
cell
communication,
hormones
Energy for cells, cell
structure (cellulose,
chitin), energy storage
Characteristics
Immune system
Cell transport
Enzymes
List three
examples
Olive oil
Butter
Cholesterol
Glucose (mono)
Sucrose (di)
Starch/glycogen
(polysaccharide)
Egg white
Amylase
Catalase
or
or
Long chain of aa
(primary); then
folded up
(secondary,
tertiary)