Transcript Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals

Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals
By: Alisa Amy Kowalski
Vitamins
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Essential organic nutrient
Required in minute amounts
Cannot be made (synthesized by the body)
Must be obtained from an external source
– Examples: Diet, sunshine, rumen bacteria, etc.
• Required for growth, maintenance,
reproduction, & lactation
• Not used directly to build body tissue
Classes of Vitamins
• Fat-soluble
– can be stored in the liver an other fatty tissues
– A, E, D, & K
• Water-soluble
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only a limited amount are stored
must be provided in ration
deficiencies can develop in short period of time
B, C, & Choline
Types of Feeds
• Animals on commercially prepared feeds
do not usually have deficiencies due to
feeds being fortified & balanced
• Animals on pasture are more likely to
develop deficiencies
• May be due to
– seasonal deficiency in feed
– toxin or poison that “blocks” absorption
Vitamin A
• Development of normal, healthy skin &
nerve tissue, aids in resistance to infection
• Important in rations of pregnant females
• All animals require a source
• Deficiency signs
– retarded growth in young, night blindness
• Sources
– whole milk, carotene, animal body oils (cod fish
and tuna) legume forages
Vitamin E
• Normal reproduction and serves as the
protector of vitamin A in poultry and cattle
• Utilization is dependent on ample selenium
• Deficiency signs
– poor growth, “crazy chick” disease, Muscular
Dystrophy, white-muscle disease in ruminants
and swine
• Sources
– cereal grains and wheat germ oil, green
forages, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut
and soybean)
Vitamin D
• Essential for proper utilization of calcium
and phosphorus to produce healthy bones
• Deficiency signs
– retarded growth, misshapen bones, lameness
and osteoporosis
• Sources
– whole milk, sun-cured hays, forage crops, fish
liver oils, irradiated yeast
– Chemical forms: Vitamin D2 & Vitamin D3
Vitamin K
• Necessary for the maintenance of normal
blood coagulation
• Deficiency signs
– blood loses its power to clot, serious
hemorrhages can result from slight wounds
• Sources
– green leafy forages, fish meal, liver, soybeans,
rumen and intestinal synthesis
Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid
• Effects metabolism of calcium
– not required in rations of farm animals
• Deficiency signs
– none demonstrated in livestock
– human deficiency -scurvy & brittleness of
bones
• Sources
– citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and
potatoes
Vitamin B1 Thiamin
• Normal metabolism of carbohydrates
• Deficiency signs
– loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe
nervous disorders, general weakness and
wasting
• Sources
– raw, whole grains (especially their seed coats
and embryos), fresh green forage; and yeast,
milk and rumen synthesis
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
• For normal embryo development,
metabolism of amino acids and
carbohydrates
• Deficiency signs
– poor reproduction, characterized by small
litters and deformed young, digestive
disturbances, general weakness, and eye
abnormalities
• Sources
– milk and dairy by-products, yeast, green
forages, well cured hay, & whole grains
Niacin
• Prevents vitamin or black tongue factor
• Ruminants do not require due to production
by bacterial synthesis in rumen
• Deficiency signs
– reddening of the skin and development of sores
in the mouth
• Sources
– dried yeast, rice bran, peanut oil meal, green
forage, barley grain, sorghum grains,& fish
meal
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine
• Associated with fat metabolism
• No danger of deficiency due to most feeds
are fair to good sources
• Deficiency signs
– specific dermatitis, convulsions (in swine), and
anemia
• Sources
– cereal grains, milk, cane molasses, yeast and
rice polish
Pantothenic Acid
• Plays essential role in basic biochemical
reactions
• Synthesized by bacteria in rumen
• Deficiency signs
– Abnormal skin condition on face & eyes,
retarded growth, & poor feather development
• Sources
– fresh, small grains, alfalfa hay, green pasture,
wheat bran, peanut oil, dairy by-products, and
yeast
Vitamin B12
• Essential for normal growth, reproduction
and red blood cell formation
• Deficiency signs
– slow growth, poor reproduction, & lack of
coordination
• Sources
– fish meal, liver meal, dried milk products, and
rumen synthesis
Choline
• Transportation and utilization of fatty acids
• Deficiency signs
– kidney and liver damage, slipped tendons in
chicks, and development of fatty livers
• Sources
– liver meal, brewer’s yeast, fish meal,
cottonseed meal, and soybean oil meal
Biotin
• Prevents slipped tendons in chicks and
increases the hatchability of eggs
• Deficiency signs
– dermatitis, hair loss, slipped tendons in chicks,
and reduced hatchability of eggs
• Sources
– ordinary feeds
Folic Acid
• Required for normal blood cell development
& anti-anemia vitamin
• Deficiency signs
– megaloblastic anemia, retarded growth, poor
feathering, bleaching of feathers, and poor
hatchablility of eggs
• Sources
– forages, oil meals, and cereal grains