Transcript 1,2basicchemnoaudio

Chapter 1 and Chapter 2
Introduction to Science
and basic chemistry
INTRODUCTION
3 Main groups of living things
1. Eukarya
 More complicated than the last two
groups
 Animals and plants are examples of this
group
2. Bacteria- some can make you sick
3. Archaea- similar to bacteria, harmless
4 KINGDOMS of Eukarya
These are the 4 subgroups of Eukarya
ANIMALS- HUMANS, FLIES
PLANTS- TREES, FLOWERS
FUNGI- MILDEW AND MOLD
PROTISTA- POND SCUM, AMOEBA

STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
ACCUMULATE DATA- collect info.
 FORM A HYPOTHESIS- A TESTABLE
STATEMENT, AN EDUCATED GUESS
 EXPERIMENT AND OBSERVE
 COLLECT NEW DATA
 FORM A CONCLUSION and RETEST if
hypothesis is incorrect
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PROPER EXPERIMENTS
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HAVE A CONTROL (PLACEBO)
CONTROL- ELIMINATES VARIABLES
New medications are tested by giving some
volunteers a placebo (sugar pill). The
volunteers think they are getting the real
medication. The volunteers are asked how
they feel after taking the placebo and these
results are compared to those of the people
that are taking the actual medication
Basics of Chemistry
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
ELEMENTS
BASIC SUBSTANCES THAT CANNOT
BE BROKEN DOWN FURTHER INTO
SIMPLER SUBSTANCES
 92 NATURALLY OCCURRING
 90% OF THE BODY IS COMPOSED
OF THE ELEMENTS CARBON,
OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN

ATOM
THE SMALLEST WHOLE UNIT OF AN
ELEMENT
 ATOMS HAVE 3 PARTICLES
 NUCLEUS- WITH PROTONS (+) AND
NEUTRONS (NO CHARGE)
 ELECTRONS- ORBIT THE NUCLEUS,
(-)NEGATIVE CHARGE, NO WEIGHT
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ISOTOPES
ATOMS WITH THE SAME NUMBER
OF PROTONS (THEY ARE ALL THE
SAME ELEMENT), BUT A DIFFERENT
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
 C-12, C-13, C-14
 RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPESUNSTABLE AND DECAY (BREAK
DOWN OVER TIME)
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C-14 DATING
USED TO DETERMINE THE AGE OF
MANY FOSSILS
 HALF-LIFE= THE AMOUNT OF TIME IT
TAKES HALF OF THE
RADIOISOTOPES TO DECAY AWAY C14 HALF LIFE IS ABOUT 6000
YEARS

GROUPS OF ATOMS
COMPOUND- 2 OR MORE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATOMS
BONDED TOGETHER
EXAMPLES
 WATER- H20
 CARBON DIOXIDE- CO2
 TABLE SALT- NaCl
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FORMING BONDS
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ATOMS WILL FORM BONDS IN ORDER TO
HAVE A FULL OUTER SHELL OF
ELECTRONS
ATOMS ARE UNHAPPY IF THEY DON’T
HAVE A FULL OUTER ELECTRON SHELL
ATOMS CAN GET A FULL OUTER SHELL
BY DONATING,ACCEPTING OR SHARING
ELECTRONS
BONDS
IONIC BOND- AN ATTRACTION
BETWEEN 2 ATOMS CAUSED WHEN
ONE ATOM DONATES ELECTRONS
TO THE OTHER, THE OPPOSITE
CHARGES PRODUCED BY THIS
DONATION ATTRACT EACH OTHER
 TABLE SALT- NaCl

COVALENT BOND
FORMED WHEN ATOMS SHARE
ELECTRONS
 WATER- H2O
 MOLECULE- 2 OR MORE ATOMS
JOINED BY COVALENT BONDS
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IMPORTANT MOLECULES
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WATER
POLAR AS A RESULT OF OXYGEN
CRAVING THE SHARED ELECTRONS AND
GETTING THEM MORE THAN ONE THRID
OF THE TIME
HAS 2 POSITIVE ENDS AND NEGATIVE
END
HYDROGEN BONDS- WEAK ATTRACTIONS
BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES
UNIQUE PROPERTIES
GOOD BIOLOGICAL SOLVENT FOR
POLAR SOLUTE
 SOLVENT- WATER
 SOLUTES- TEA AND SUGAR
 POLARITY CAUSES SOLUTE TO
“STICK” TO THE ENDS OF THE
WATER MOLECULES
COHESIVE
STICKS TO ITSELF AND MIXES WELL
WITH OTHER POLAR CHEMICALS
 GOOD MEDIUM FOR TRANSPORT
 BLOOD IS WATER BASED
 PROTEINS, SUGARS AND SALTS
ARE DISSOLVED IN THE BLOOD
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HIGH HEAT CAPACITY
WATER RESISTS TEMPERATURE
CHANGE
 HEAT= WIGGLING MOLECULES
 HYDROGEN BONDS INHIBIT
WIGGLING, THEY MUST BE BROKEN
FOR THE MOLECULES TO WIGGLE A
LOT
 COOLING- BONDS REFORM
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VAPORIZATION
EVAPORATION
 USED TO COOL OUR BODY
 THE MOLECULES WITH THE
GREATEST HEAT (HIGHEST SPEED)
ARE THE ONES THAT ESCAPE
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ICE FLOATS
FROZEN WATER IS LESS DENSE
 AS WATER FREEZES, THE
MOLECULES ORGANIZE
THEMSELVES SO THAT ALL THE
POLES ARE ALIGNED
 THIS TAKES UP MORE SPACE AND
SPREADS THEM OUT
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ACIDS AND BASES
WATER DISSOCIATES
(TEMPORARILY COMES APART)
INTO ITS H+ AND OHCOMPONENTS.
 ACID- HAS MORE H+
 BASES- MORE OHIF A BASE IS MIXED WITH AN ACID,
THE EXTRA OH- WILL COMBINE
WITH H+ TO FORM WATER
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pH SCALE
MEASURES ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY
 0-14
 0- ACID= LOTS OF H+
 14- BASIC= LOTS OF OH 7= NEUTRAL
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS...
ARE FUSSY!
 OFTEN REQUIRE A SPECIFIC pH IN
ORDER TO OCCUR
 BUFFERS HELP MODERATE pH
CHANGES IN OUR BODIES
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ACID RAIN
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NORMAL RAINWATER HAS A pH OF 5.6
SLIGHTLY ACID BECAUSE OF CARBON
DIOXIDE DISSOLVED IN IT
DRINKING A SODA QUICKLY CAUSES
YOUR MOUTH TO BURN BECAUSE OF
THE CARBON DIOXIDE MIXED WITH THE
WATER
SOME LAKES IN NORTH-EASTERN U.S.
AND CANADA- HAVE pH OF 5.0 AND 4.0
CAUSE
AIR POLLUTION
 NITROGEN OXIDES + WATER=
NITRIC ACID
 SULFUR OXIDES + WATER=
SULFURIC ACID
 PROBLEM IN LAKES WHERE
LIMESTONE BEDROCK IS NOT
PRESENT
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SOLUTIONS
LOWER EMISSIONS FORM AUTOS
 BURNING LOW SULFUR COAL
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CONTAIN CARBON AND HYDROGEN
 BIOLOGICAL CHEMICALS
 CAN BE COMPLEX OR SIMPLE
 COMPLEX FORMS ARE OFTEN
MERELY REPEATING UNITS
 MONOMER- BASIC UNIT
 POLYMER- MANY MONOMERS
CONNECTED TOGETHER- 4 GROUPS
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1. CARBOHYDRATES
STORE ENERGY
 MONOMER- MONOSACCHARIDE
 EX- GLUCOSE- 6 CARBONS
 DISACCHARIDES- 2 HOOKED
TOGETHER- SUCROSE- TABLE
SUGAR
 CONDENSATION SYNTHESIS USED
TO CONNECT MONOMERS
 Condensation = Dehydration
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HYDROLYSIS
USED TO TAKE POLYMERS APART
 MUST INSERT WATER
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POLYMERS=
POLYSACCHARIDES
GLYCOGEN, STARCH AND
CELLULOSE
 ALL 3 ARE MADE OF MANY
GLUCOSE MOLECULES CONNECTED
TOGETHER
 CELLULOSE- INDIGESTIBLE (FIBER)
 ITS CONNECTIONS ARE NOT
AFFECTED BY HUMAN ENZYMES
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2. LIPIDS
DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
BECAUSE THEY ARE NON-POLAR
 GLYCEROL (MONOMER) + 3 FATTY
ACIDS (MONOMER) = TRIGLYCERIDE
(POLYMER)
 FUNCTIONS= ENERGY STORAGE,
INSULATION, CUSHION
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SATURATED VS. UNSAT.
SATURATED FATS- SATURATED
WITH HYDROGENS, ANIMAL FATS,
SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE,
BAD FOR YOU
 UNSATURATED- HAS DOUBLE
BONDS (NOT AS MANY
HYDROGENS), VEGETABLE FATS,
LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP, NOT AS BAD
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SOAPS ARE NOT FATS...
... BUT THEY ARE IMPORTANT
 THEY HAVE A POLAR AND A NONPOLAR END AND ACT LIKE A BRIDGE
 THE POLAR END STICKS TO WATER
AND THE NON POLAR END STICKS
TO FATS
 THIS HELPS FATS TO “DISSOLVE” IN
WATER
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PHOSPHOLIPIDS
CELL MEMBRANES ARE COMPOSED
OF THESE MOLECULES
 HAVE A PHOSPHATE THAT MAKES
ONE END WATER SOLUBLE
 WHEN PLACED IN WATER, THE NONPOLAR (HYDROPHOBIC) ENDS
“HUDDLE” TOGETHER AND FORM A
DOUBLE LAYER
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3. PROTEINS
MONOMER= AMINO ACIDS
-THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT TYPES
 ALL HAVE IDENTICAL “CORES” BUT A
DIFFERENT CHEMICAL SIDE CHAIN
 PEPTIDE BONDS LINK AMINO ACIDS
TOGETHER
 HYDROLYSIS- BREAKS THE BOND
 CONDENSATION- MAKES IT
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POLYPEPTIDE
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CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDS HOOKED
TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS
DNA HOLDS THE RECIPIE FOR THE
ORDER OF THE DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
IN EACH PROTEIN
THE LINKS OF THE CHAIN INTERACT
WITH OTHERS UPSTREAM AND
DOWNSTREAM TO CAUSE FOLDING AND
COILING (SPIRAL OR SHEET)
-THIS IS
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
FOLDING AND COILING...
THE VARIOUS SHEETS AND COILS
INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO
FORM A MORE COMPLEX FOLDING
 THIS IS CALLED TERTIARY
STRUCTURE
 SHAPE IS VERY IMPORTANT TO
SOME PROTEIN’S FUNCTION
- EX. ENZYMES ARE THE CELL’S
TOOLS

ENZYMES
CARRY OUT VARIOUS CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
 EX. AMYLASE- PRESENT IN SALIVA,
BREAKS DOWN STARCH
 EXTREME HEAT AND pH CAN
AFFECT THE SHAPE- HEAT
CHANGES EGGS WHEN COOKED
 DENATURED- LOOSES SHAPE
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PROTEIN IN THE BODY
ENZYMES
 MUSCLES
 KERATIN- SKIN, WATERPROOF
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE- TENDONS,
LIGAMENTS, CARTILAGE
 HAIR
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4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA AND RNA
 GENETIC STORAGE MATERIAL
 THE BLUEPRINT FOR THE CELL
WRITTEN IN A CHEMICAL
LANGUAGE
 DNA TELLS THE CELL HOW TO MAKE
THE PROTEINS
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MONOMERS
NUCLEOTIDES
 COMPOSED OF:
SUGAR
PHOSPHATE
NITROGEN BASE
4 DIFFERENT BASES “LETTERS”
OF THE GENETIC ALPHABET
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DNA
THE MONOMERS (NUCLEOTIDES)
ARE LINKED TOGETHER TO FORM
THE POLYMER= A STRAND OF DNA
OR RNA
 RNA HAS DIFFERENT SUGAR THAN
DOES DNA
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ATP
NOT PART OF DNA OR RNA
 A MODIFIED NUCLEOTIDE
 HAS TWO EXTRA PHOSPHATE
GROUPS
 IT SERVES AS THE CELLS ENERGY
CURRENCY- THE MONEY THE CELL
USES TO “PAY” FOR VARIOUS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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