Transcript Ch 26

Students
-Pull out Learning logs
-We will do 2 questions then I will check
-80% = 15
-Trouble in Paradise paper – due tomorrow
-Phones in bin…muted or off…please & thank you
Essential Questions
LO 1.14 The student is able to pose scientific questions that correctly
identify essential properties of shared, core life processes that provide
insights into the history of life on Earth.
LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved
core biological processes and features shared by all domains or within
one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes
and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms.
LO 1.16 The student is able to justify the scientific claim that organisms
share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and
are widely distributed among organisms today.
LO 1.27 The student is able to describe a scientific hypothesis about the
origin of life on Earth.
LO 1.28 The student is able to evaluate scientific questions based on
hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth.
LO 1.29 The student is able to describe the reasons for revisions of
scientific hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth.
LO 1.30 The student is able to evaluate scientific hypotheses about the
origin of life on Earth.
More Essential Questions
LO 1.31 The student is able to evaluate the accuracy and legitimacy of
data to answer scientific questions about the origin of life on Earth.
LO 1.32 The student is able to justify the selection of geological,
physical, and chemical data that reveal early Earth conditions.
Ch 26: The Tree of Life-An Intro to Biological Diversity
1. What do you know about the origins of life on Earth?
- Earth is 4.6 billion yrs old (byo)
- Oldest rocks – 3.8 byo – Greenland
- Oldest fossils – 3.5 byo
2. How was primitive Earth different than current Earth?
- Little O2, much H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, N2
- Lightning
- Volcanic activity
- UV radiation
- Meteorite bombardment
3. How do we get “the living” from “the non-living?”
- 1920’s Oparin & Haldane postulated early Earth favored rxns that
formed organic cmpds from inorganic cmpds
- 1953 Miller-Urey experiment test Oparin & Haldane’s hypothesis
Students
-Trouble in Paradise paper – in box
-LL pictures sent? – get LL stamped
-Tomorrow – early release
-1st period still 50 minutes
-Others are shortened
Phone in bin…muted or off…please & thank you
Figure 26.2 Can organic molecules form in a reducing atmosphere?
Repeated experiments have formed
- All 20 amino acids
- several sugars
- lipids
- purines & pyrimidines
- ATP (when phosphate is added)
- ALL MONOMERS needed for life
Ch 26: The Tree of Life-An Intro to Biological Diversity
1. What do you know about the origins of life on Earth?
2. How was primitive Earth different than current Earth?
3. How do we get “the living” from “the non-living?”
- 1920’s Oparin & Haldane postulated early Earth favored rxns that
formed organic cmpds from inorganic cmpds
- 1953 Miller-Urey experiment test Oparin& Haldane’s hypothesis
4. How were monomers connected to make polymers?
- Sydney Fox dripped monomers on hot sand, clay or rocks
- Created proteinoids – polypeptides created by abiotic means
5. What’s next?
- Protobionts – abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a
membrane
- Primitive cells
- Coacervate – stable protobiont droplet that self-assembles when a
suspension of macromolecules is shaken
- Imprecise reproduction
- Simple metabolism & excitability (similar to neurons)
6. How does natural selection fit in?
- Protobionts best suited to their environment could reproduce & create
others best suited to their environment
Figure 26.4 Laboratory versions of protobionts
Glucose-phosphate
20 m
Glucose-phosphate
Phosphorylase
Starch
Amylase
Phosphate
Maltose
Maltose
(a) Simple reproduction. This liposome is “giving birth” to smaller
liposomes (LM).
(b) Simple metabolism. If enzymes—in this case,
phosphorylase and amylase—are included in the
solution from which the droplets self-assemble,
some liposomes can carry out simple metabolic
reactions and export the products.
Primitive glycolysis – common to all organisms
Ch 26: The Tree of Life-An Intro to Biological Diversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What do you know about the origins of life on Earth?
How was primitive Earth different than current Earth?
How do we get “the living” from “the non-living?”
How were monomers connected to make polymers?
What’s next?
- Protobionts – abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a
membrane
- Primitive cells
- Imprecise reproduction
- Simple metabolism & excitability (similar to neurons)
6. How does natural selection fit in?
- Protobionts best suited to their environment could reproduce & create
others best suited to their environment
7. What was the first genetic material?
- RNA – single stranded
- Ribozymes – can replicate RNA
Figure 26.5 A ribozyme capable of replicating RNA
Ribozyme
(RNA molecule)
3
Template
Nucleotides
Complementary RNA copy
5
5
- Collections of RNA molecules best suited for their environment replicate their
RNA & reproduce
- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA all interact with each other now during translation
Ch 26: The Tree of Life-An Intro to Biological Diversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What do you know about the origins of life on Earth?
How was primitive Earth different than current Earth?
How do we get “the living” from “the non-living?”
How were monomers connected to make polymers?
What’s next?
How does natural selection fit in?
What was the first genetic material?
What is the origin of photosynthesis?
- Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae)
- H2S metabolizing bacteria mutated to use…….
- H 2O
- Released O2 reacted with dissolved iron
- Formed iron oxide precipitate
Figure 26.12 Banded iron formations: evidence of oxygenic
photosynthesis
Ch 26: The Tree of Life-An Intro to Biological Diversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What do you know about the origins of life on Earth?
How was primitive Earth different than current Earth?
How do we get “the living” from “the non-living?”
How were monomers connected to make polymers?
What’s next?
How does natural selection fit in?
What was the first genetic material?
What is the origin of photosynthesis?
- Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae)
- H2S metabolizing bacteria mutated to use…….
- H 2O
- Released O2 reacted with dissolved iron
- Formed iron oxide precipitate
9. How did eukaryotes originate?
- Endosymbiosis
Figure 26.13 Endosymbiosis
1 m
0.2 m
Respiratory
membrane
Thylakoid
membranes
(a) Aerobic prokaryote
(b) Photosynthetic prokaryote
Serial endosymbiosis gave rise to proposed phylogenetic tree
Figure 28.3 Diversity of plastids produced by secondary endosymbiosis
Plastid
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Cyanobacterium
Ciliates
Red algae
Primary
endosymbiosis
Stramenopiles
Heterotrophic
eukaryote
Plastid
Euglenids
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Green algae
Chlorarachniophytes
Plastid – plant organelle
Students
-Get handout – Verbs & FRQ Dos & Don’ts
-BLAST due on Monday
-Today: In-class FRQ
-Tomorrow: Grading FRQ
-Monday: Review – content, math, LLs
-Tuesday: FRQ test – LL due
-Wednesday: MC & math test
Ch 26: The Tree of Life-An Intro to Biological Diversity
1. What do you know about the origins of life on Earth?
2. How was primitive Earth different than current Earth?
3. How do we get “the living” from “the non-living?”
4. How were monomers connected to make polymers?
5. What’s next?
6. How does natural selection fit in?
7. What was the first genetic material?
8. What is the origin of photosynthesis?
9. How did eukaryotes originate?
10. What is the evidence for endosymbiosis?
- Similarities between bacteria and mitochondria & chloroplasts
- Size
- Reproduction by binary fission
- Small, circular genomes
- DNA sequence
- Enzymes & transport systems
- tRNA & ribosomes for transcription & translation
- Current endosymbiotic relationships
11. Natural selection over millions of years
- led to a diversity of the 1st prokaryotes
- Diversity of organisms led to classification
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Universal ancestor
Domain Eukarya
Charophyceans
Chlorophytes
Red algae
Cercozoans, radiolarians
Stramenopiles (water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae)
Chapter 27
Alveolates (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates)
Euglenozoans
Diplomonads, parabasalids
Euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes
Korarchaeotes
Gram-positive bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Spirochetes
Chlamydias
Proteobacteria
Figure 26.22 One current view of biological diversity
Chapter 28
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelis,
arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, vertebrate)
Cnidarians (jellies, coral)
Chapter 32
Sponges
Chapter 31
Choanoflagellates
Club fungi
Sac fungi
Chapter 28
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Zygote fungi
Chytrids
Chapter 30
Amoebozoans (amoebas, slime molds)
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
Chapter 29
Chapters 33, 34