Transcript Lecture 3
Partition chromatography
Partition chromatography is carried out on sheets
of filter paper, column or thin layer of powdered
cellulose, moist silica gel or kieselguhr
Silica acts as support and the water is stationary
phase
It is known that filter paper consists of numerous
cellulose fibre which accomodate certain
percentage of moisture we can consider that fibre
+ water constitute cells
Partition of the substance between moisture in
the cell and the solvent flowing over the cells
which bring about separation
Water of cell is the stationary phase and moving
solvent is the mobile phase
The extent to which the solute distribute itself
between the two liquid is measured and is known
as partition or distribution coefficient
K=
Conc. of solute in M. Ph
Conc. of solute in St. Ph
Partition chr. Includes
A- liquid liquid extraction
B- column chromatography
C- paper chromatography
D- TLC
E- Gas liquid chromatography
A- Liquid liquid extraction
Solute distributes itself between equal volumes
of two immiscible solvents.
Methods of extraction
1- discontinuous extraction
A- single contact
In separating funnel using
two immiscible liquid
B- multiple contact
Several times in separating funnel.
2- continuous liquid liquid extraction
1- single stage
by using liquid liquid extraction app.
It consists of round bottom Pyrex flask
Extraction tube connected to the flask by another
glass tube
Condenser
2- multiple stage (counter current distribution)
Several units of extraction app are specially
constructed to transfer the upper phase to the
subsequent tube keeping the lower stationary
phase
Substance distribute itself between lower
stationary phase and upper according to
distribution coefficient (K)
Counter current extraction app.
K=
Conc. of solute in upper phase
Conc. of solute in lower phase
The procedure:
1- the app. Consists of 100 tubes affecting 100
equilibrations
2- fresh mob. Phase. Is transferred from reservoir
to tube 1
3- after equilibrium mob. Phase move to fresh
stationary phase, shacked and transferred to a
tube containing stationary phase and so on....
It depends on
1- number of shacking
2- time allowed to stand for separation
Number of equilibrium
B- column (partition chromatography)
As in column (partition chr.) the difference is the
packing material which is porous material such as
kieselguhr coated with layer of liquid, water, the
stationary phase is the liquid layer and the solid
serves as a support
More soluble substance travel more slowly down
the column
Solid support as silica, diatomites, cellulose,
cellulose acetate.
Preparation of the column
Mixture of support + stationary phase is stirred
with some of mobile phase to be used initially
The slurry is poured in a small portion into the
tube which contain small portion of the mobile
phase
Application of the sample
1- by use of pipette with a bent tip which is
placed against the column wall just above
the adsorbent and the liquid is slowly
drained from the pipette.
2- use of one or two small disks of filter
paper which perforated with very small
holes of a size which just to fit on the top
of the column
- Solute is dissolved in volatile solvent
and adsorbed on one of the filter paper
3- Mixture is dissolved in some of the Mob. Ph.
And mix with some of the stationary phase , the
dry and put the powder on the top of the column.
Elution
As in adsorption column
Identification of the separated substance
as in adsorption column
Applications of partition column
1-
fractionation of many alkaloids and
polyphenols
2- determination of amino end group of proteins
and analysis of hormones
3- separation of methylated sugars on silica gel
and free sugar on cellulose.
Paper chromatography
Stationary phase is water hold by adsorption on
cellulose molecules which in turn are kept in a
fixed position by the fibrous structure of the
paper
Apparatus and method
Tightly covered jar
Method
1- choice of the paper
2- purification of the sample
3- application of the sample on the paper
4- development
5- detection
6- identification
1- Choice of the paper
Whatman No 1 or 3 for
analytical
Whatman No 3 or 3MM for
preparative
2- choice of solvent system
Depend on substances to be separated
Amino acid..phenol/ water
Butanol / water/ acetic acid
Sugars...EtOAc/ pyridine/ water
EtOAc/ i-prppanol/ water
3- sample purification
By column or liquid liquid extraction
4- application of the sample to the paper
Clear solution is prepared
Take sample by capillary
Apply the spot on the paper and dry it.
4- Development
A- ascending the flow upward
b- descending downward
C- horizontal
D- radial the flow in the radii of circular paper
1- ascending development
Paper is stood vertically and immersed in the
mobile phase
Level of the spots should be above the liquid by 12 cm
2- descending development
Jar is provided by a trough for
the mobile phase in its upper
part
Paper suspended in
trough
wire fixed to side of the tank
on which trough can fest
Serrated edge to allow the
solvent to flow uniformely
off
the paper
Advantages of descending technique
A- solvent flow faster
B- long distance of development can be achieved
3- Horizontal development:
Shallow tank of glass or metal
The paper is placed horizontal on glass rods with
one end of the paper is dipped in the mobile
phase
Direction of mobile phase
paper
support
mobile phase
-sample is spotted on a line on the horizontal
part of the paper 1-2 cm from the edge
- solvent is flows up by capillary forces
4- radial development
The principle of this method is based on
migration of the spot from the centre of the paper
toward the periphery.
.
Detection of the resolved spots
visualization
1- physical , UV, colour
2- chemical
Aniline phthalate...........reducing sugars
Dragendorff`s..................alkaloids
FeCl3.....................phenolic compounds
Ninhydrin...................amino acid, amino sugars
Anisaldehyde H2SO4......terpene, sterols, sugars
(Not used in paper as it cause charring of the
paper)
3- biological enzymatic detection of amylase
microbilogical detection of antibiotic
Uses of paper chromatography
1- identification of components of mixture
2- detection of purity of components against
authentic
3- major use is the separation of flavonoids and
sugars