Transcript Controlling ammonia emission through feed formulation

Understanding and Applying Nutrition
Concepts to Reduce Nutrient Excretion
in Swine
Department of Animal Science
North Carolina State University
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Outline
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Introduction
General strategies to reduce nutrient excretion
Methods to reduce Nitrogen excretion
Methods to reduce Phosphorus excretion
Reducing Micro-mineral excretion
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Balance between animal production and crop
production
• Animal production has developed into an intensive industry
– production facilities are large and clustered together
– feedstuffs are shipped in from crop-producing regions
• Animal waste not used as a fertilizer
– too expensive to ship to crop-producing regions
• Alternative methods to deal with waste where found:
– Store and treat (eliminates N and C) in lagoons
– Apply to crop land based on N (which may over-apply P)
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Manure nutrient utilization
• Nutrients in manure should be utilized
– process to yield usable products
– applied to crop land such that a balance is maintained
30
pigs/acre
25
20
15
10
5
0
Phosphor us Copper
Jongbloed & Lenis, 1993
Zinc
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Amounts of N output for different classes of swine,
calculated for a 100 sow equivalent (89 productive sows)
Class
Sows
Replacement Gilts
Weaned Sows
Gestation
Lactation
Piglets
Suckling (27 d)
Post-weaning (to 55 lbs)
Growing-Finishing Pigs
55 to 230 lbs
Total
Adapted from Dourmad et al. (1992)
Nitrogen Output
Per Pig Per Space % of total N output/N Intake
(g/d) (kg/year)
51
42
40
79
186
103
954
459
1.7
0.9
8.7
4.2
69
73
77
57
1
11
54
907
0.5
8.2
14
47
38
8,360
11,023
75.8
100
67
65
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Digestion and retention of N, P, Cu and Zn by
different classes of swine
Mineral
Nitrogen
Digestion, %
Retained, %
Phosphorus
Digested, %
Retained, %
Zinc
Digested, %
Copper
Digested, %
Nursery Finishing Gestating Lactating
75 to 88
40 to 50
75 to 88
30 to 50
88
35 to 45
-20 to 40
20 to 70
20 to 60
20 to 50
20 to 45
30 to 45
20 to 45
10 to 35
10 to 30
20 to 45
10 to 20
--
--
18 to 25
10 to 20
Adapted from Kornegay and Harper (1997)
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Efficiency of nutrient utilization and waste
• Nitrogen retention is only 30%
Indigestible
Endogenous loss
Endogenous catabolism
Mismatch
Accretion
Obligatory catabolism
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General Nutritional Strategies to Reduce
Nutrient Excretion
• Feed Efficiency
Improving feed efficiency by 0.1 points ==> 3.3% reduction
in nutrient excretion
• Pelleting
Dry matter and N excretion decreased by 23 and 22%
Feed efficiency was improved by 6.6%
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General Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Nutrient
Excretion (continued)
• Feed Wastage
Reduction in feed wastage of 2% ==>
reduction in N and P in manure by approximately 3%
• Matching Nutrient Requirements
Multi-phase feeding reduced urinary N excretion by 15%
Ammonia emission was reduced by 17%
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Nutrient requirements and phase feeding
1.2
6-phase feeding program
1.1
% Lysine
2-Phase feeding program
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Lysine Requirement
0.6
20
30
40
50
60
70
Body Weight
80
90
100
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Phase-feeding in Pig Production
Protein Content
Feed Conversion
Feed Intake/
Period (kg)
N-intake (kg)
N-excretion (kg)
N-excretion (% of
intake)
N-retention (kg)
1 Feed
Grow-Fin
16
3.0
210
Grower
16.5
2.5
75
5.38
3.48
65
1.98
1.16
58
2.95
1.86
63
4.93
3.02
61
1.90
0.82
1.09
1.91
Adapted from Koch (1990)
2 Feeds
Finisher Whole Period
14
3.3
132
207
- 13%
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Savings in feed costs with phase feeding
Number of Phases Diet Cost/Pig
2
3
4
5
6
9
12
$42.55
$41.41
$41.01
$40.67
$40.43
$40.10
$39.90
Savings over 2phase program
-$1.14
$1.54
$1.88
$2.12
$2.45
$2.65
Increase in Savings
per Additional Diet
-$1.14
$0.40
$0.34
$0.24
$0.11
$0.06
From Pork 98; Source: Dean Koehler, Agri-Nutrition Services, Shakopee, Minn.
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General Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Nutrient
Excretion (continued)
Concentrations of selected minerals in sow
and grower-finisher feeds
Sow diets
Finisher diets
Mineral
Requirement Range Median Requirement Range Median
Calcium, %
0.75
0.62-2.01 1.21
0.50
0.57-1.38 0.96
Phosphorus, %
0.60
0.45-1.17 0.84
0.40
0.45-0.78 0.62
Copper, ppm
5
12-222
22
3
9-281
20
Zinc, ppm
50
79-497
167
50
103-205 149
Adapted from Spears (1996)
The median value indicates that 50% of the samples were below and 50% of the samples were above this
value.
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Methods to Reduce N excretion and
Ammonia Emission
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Nitrogen flow in swine
N Intake, 100%
Fecal N, 15%
Ammonia, 20%
Urinary N, 50%
Manure, 45%
Digestible N, 85%
Available N, 80%
Retained N, 35%
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Metabolism Crates
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Feeds are not digested completely:
indigestible fraction contributes to waste
Digestion
Protein
‘Undigested N’
Amino
acids
Protein
Fecal N
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Improving digestibility of feed 1% decreases waste 1.4%
The digestibility of feeds can be improved through:
• technological treatments (pelleting, extrusion, etc,)
• Enzymes
– Xylanases and beta-glucanases - degrade non-starch
polysaccharides (NSP)
– Improve digestibility of nitrogen 2-3% in typical diets
– Proteases, (hemi) cellulases are being developed
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Digestion of feed causes the animal to loose nitrogen
directly through endogenous losses
Digestion
Protein
Endogenous
excretion
‘Undigested N’
Amino
acids
Protein
Fecal N
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25% of the endogenous secretions end up as waste
• Animal secretes enzymes/protein during the digestive process
– only 75% reabsorbed
– Loss is accounted for in ileal digestibility tables
Apparent
Real
Skim Milk
84.4
92.7
Endogenous N
Loss
8.3
Fish meal
73.0
89.3
16.3
Soybean
meal
76.5
90.6
14.1
Schulze, 1994
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Feed induced loss of N
Losses (catabolism) associated with the synthesis of
endogenous secretions
Digestion
Protein
Endogenous
excretion
‘Undigested N’
Amino
acids
Protein
NH3
Fecal N
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30% of the amino acids targeted for endogenous secretions
are catabolized
• For the synthesis of these endogenous secretions, some amino
acids are catabolized (losses due to inefficiencies)
• Feedstuffs can influence endogenous secretions, and thus
endogenous losses and endogenous-linked catabolism
– neutral detergent fiber increases endogenous losses
without affecting secretion or catabolism
– trypsin inhibitors increases endogenous secretions,
thus catabolism as well as secretion
• Digestibility tables do not account for these losses!
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Amino acids which can not be utilized for protein synthesis
are catabolized
Digestion
Protein
Endogenous
excretion
‘Undigested N’
Amino
acids energy
Protein
NH3
Fecal N
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A large proportion of nitrogen is wasted because feeds are
not idealy balanced,
• Feed composition determined through least-cost formulation:
– diet of minimal cost to meet nutritional needs
• Pigs require amino acids, not protein
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Ileal true digestible amino acid patterns for pigs
in three different weight classes
Amino Acid
Lysine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Methionine + Cystine
Isoleucine
Valine
Leucine
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine
Arginine
Histidine
Adapted from Baker (1996)
Ideal Pattern, % of lysine
10 to 45 lbs 45 to 110 lbs 110 to 240 lbs
100
100
100
65
67
70
17
18
19
60
62
65
60
60
60
68
68
68
100
100
100
95
95
95
42
36
30
32
32
32
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Balance trial for pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-dried whey
(C-SBM-DW) diet or a purified amino acid diet
Item
Daily Gain, g/d
Daily Feed Intake, g/d
Gain-Feed Ratio
Nitrogen
Intake, g/d
Digestible, g/d
Retained, g/d
Digestible, % of intake
Retained, % of intake
Diet
C-SBM-DW Amino Acid
505
511
791
824
623
620
18.2
15.5
10.2
85.1
56.0
14.2
13.6
9.7
96.1
68.3
Adapted from Chung and Baker (1991)
N Excretion was reduced by 28%
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Effect of low protein diets on N excretion and
ammonia emission
Item
N Intake, lbs
N Retention, lbs
N excretion
Total excretion, lbs
N in manure, lbs
N in air, lbs
Grower and Finisher Protein Level, %
17.8% and 15.4%, resp. 16.2% and 13.5%, resp.
2.43
2.17
0.79
0.79
1.64
1.20
0.44
1.38
1.00
0.38
Adapted from Latimier, 1993
The grower and finisher periods covered the weight ranges of 68 to 139 lbs and 139 to 223 lbs,
respectively.
N Excretion was reduced by 9% for each 1% reduction in CP
N in the air was reduced by 8% for each 1% reduction in CP
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Cost or value of reducing CP in a corn-soybean
meal based diet
7
138
136
6
5
132
4
130
128
3
126
2
124
Cost/ton
Lysine, lbs/ton
134
122
1
120
0
118
16
15.5
15
14.5
14
13.5
13
CP (%)
Added Lysine, lbs/ton
Cost, $/ton
Corn $90, SBM $180, Lysine-HCl $2400, Methionine $2700,
Threonine $2.63/lb, Tryptophan $15.80/lb
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Ammonia is mainly derived from N excreted in urine:
capturing some of the N in feces reduces ammonia emission
Digestion
Protein
Endogenous
excretion
‘Undigested N’
Amino
acids energy
NH3
fermentation
Fecal N
Urea
Urinary urea
urease
NH4+
Protein
NH3 (l)
NH3 (g)
85% of ammonia is derived from urea (Voermans, 1994)
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Fiber reduces urinary N, thus ammonia emission
• Nitrogen excretion can be shifted from urine to feces
– supply non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in diet
• source of energy for microbes in large intestines
– stimulates growth of microbes, and thus nitrogen accretion
• Increasing NSP intake with 100 g/day:
– decreases ammonia emission 5%
(partially due to a decrease in manure pH)
• Caution:
– NSP decrease nitrogen digestion
– NSP might well increase odor emission
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Swine Malodor Emission Laboratory
Odor Chamber
Chamber, Inside
FTIR Equipment
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Methods to Reduce P Excretion
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Functions of Phosphorus
• 80 to 85% of P is found in bone
• Non-skeletal P is concentrated in Red Blood Cells, Muscle,
and Nerve Tissue
• Present in Phosphoproteins, Nucleoproteins,
Phospholipids, Phosphocreatine and ATP
– Membrane Structure
– Energy Metabolism
– Buffer System
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Reducing Phosphorus Excretion
Through Nutrition
• Feed to meet the Pigs Requirement
– Reduce excess levels in feed
– Feed multiple phases
• Use available P levels rather than total
– Ingredient values
– Pig requirement
• Use of phytase or low phytic acid ingredients
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Available P levels in diets formulated to
contain 0.5% total P
Diet
Added Dical. P, % Total P, % Available P, %
Corn-Soybean Meal
0.96
0.50
0.23
Wheat-Soybean Meal
0.57
0.50
0.28
Corn-Canola Meal
0.09
0.50
0.10
Corn-Soybean Meal-Wheat Midds
0.68
0.50
0.20
Growing Pig Requirement (NRC)
Adapted from Cromwell (1990).
0.50
0.23
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Enzymes have many environmental benefits
Phytase
• Phytate is an indigestible form of phosphorus
– corn: 90% of phosphorus bound in phytate
– soybean meal: 75% of phosphorus bound in phytate
• Phytase
– improves digestibility of phytate
• reduces phosphorus excretion 32%
• improves nitrogen digestibility 2%
– routinely used in Europe
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Estimated cost of phytase supplementation
using least cost diet formulation
Level of Phytase Added
500 U per kg
250 U per kg*
Dicalcium phosphate removed
(lbs/ton)
10.9
10.9
Diet cost above a standard
corn-soybean meal diet
$1.23
$0.14
* 250 U of phytase/kg of diet is below the recommended level and may not liberate enough P to maintain pig
performance
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Low Phytate Corn
Cromwell, 1999
1.9
1.7
Total P
1.5
0.59
0.50
0.42
0.33
ADG, lbs 1.3
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.5
Available P:
Normal
Low Phytate
0.35 0.26 0.18 0.09
0.45 0.37 0.28 0.20
Availability of P was set at 20% for corn and 75% for low phytate corn
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Low Phytate Corn and Phytase
8
7
6
5
P Excretion,
4
g/d
3
Control
+ Phytase
2
1
0
Normal
Total P:
0.55
Reduction in P Excretion: --
0.45
23%
Low Phytate
0.45 0.35
35% 51%
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Reducing the Excretion of
Micro-Minerals
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Excretion of zinc and copper by different
classes of swine*
Phase
Nursery
Prestarter
Starter
GrowerFinisher
Sows
Gestation
Lactation
Zinc
Diet, ppm Excretion
(g/d)
Copper
Diet, ppm Excretion
(g/d)
2,000
125
125
0.65
0.08
0.23
240
240
15
0.084
0.186
0.027
125
125
0.20
0.54
15
15
0.024
0.065
* Calculations are on a per day basis
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Effect of Reducing Zn and Cu in pig diets on Zn and Cu
excretion in waste
Treatments
Mineral
High Inorganic
Nursery/Sow
High Inorganic
Finishing
Copper
25
15
Reduced
Inorganic (all
phases)
5
Zinc
150
100
25
Iron
180
100
25
Manganese
60
40
10
From Creech et al. (1998)
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Growth Performance of Nursery and Growing-Finishing Pigs
Fed Reduced Levels of Trace-Minerals
Nursery
Gain, lbs/day
Intake, lbs/day
Gain/Feed
Grower-Finisher
Gain, lbs/day
Intake, lbs/day
Gain/Feed
Adapted from Creech et al. (1998)
High Inorganic
Reduced Inorganic
0.99
1.88
0.53
0.97
1.84
0.53
1.78
5.09
0.35
1.80
5.03
0.36
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Effect of Reducing Trace-Mineral Levels on
Mineral Excretion
High
Inorganic
Reduced
Inorganic
% Change
Growing Phase
Zinc, ppm
Copper, ppm
940
168
461
113
- 51
- 33
Finishing Phase
Zinc, ppm
Copper, ppm
991
176
531
93
- 46
- 47
Adapted from Creech et al. (1998)
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• Phase Feeding
Bottom line
===> 15 %
• Reducing N
– Lowering CP (1.5%)
===> 13.6 %
– Adding lysine + methionine ==> 22.1 %
– Adding other AA + feedstuffs => 30.6 %
• Reducing P
– Lower Requirement ===> 15.7 %
– Adding Phytase
===> 26.5 %
– Phytase + feedstuffs ===> 41.0 %
Jongbloed and Lenis, 1992
• Reducing Zn and Cu
– Lower dietary levels ===> 30 - 50%
Creech, 1998
• But; many of these reductions in waste can only be achieved if a
higher production cost is acceptable
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