Transcript Classification of All Living Things

Classification of All Living
Things
Chapter 18
Classification
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Every New species discovered has to be
classified with organisms that have similar
characteristics
We group organisms that are similar
Taxonomy
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1.
2.
3.
This is the branch of biology that
involves naming organisms
Aristotle a Greek philosopher was the 1st
person to group organisms. He had 3
groups
Land Dwellers
Water Dwellers
Air Dwellers
Taxonomy cont.
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This system wasn’t adequate for modern
science, especially with the discovery of
so many new species
Carolus Linnaus (1707-1778) from
Sweden devised our current system
He used an organisms form and structure
to categorize it (morphology)
Linnaeus’s Hierarchy
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He used 7 levels of organization
1.
Kingdom (largest)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Levels
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There are several species in a Genus, and
several Genus in a Family. This continues
up the levels
Copy the hierarchy for the bobcat and lion
on page 338
Scientific Name
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1.
2.
3.
4.
This is the Genus and Species of an
organism
This two part system is called binomial
nomenclature
Remember the rules
Capitalize the genus
Lower case species
Underline or italics both
Use Latin terms to describe
Varieties
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Sometimes the same genus and species
may have a slight variation so we add a
subspecies name to it
Peaches and Nectarines are varieties of
the Peach Tree
Terrapene carolina triungui is a variety of
the eastern box turtle
Phylogeny
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Scientists look at the morphology or
characteristics of organisms to group them
A field of biology is dedicated to grouping
living things by DNA, morphology, # of
chromosomes and amino acid sequences
Another term for this study is systematics
What to look for
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Scientists studying in this fields look at the
fossil record, as well physical and
molecular characteristics of modern day
life
A base is necessary to determine the start
of many of these formations
The fossil record is the best place to start
Phylogenetic Tree
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A phylogenetic tree shows the relatedness
of organisms. They start with common
ancestors and work up. They divide at
any point a new characteristic is formed
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What can we tell
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Both karyotypes are similar in number of
paired chromosomes
Size and shape of chromosomes is close
These two organisms are closely related
What are they?
Cladistics
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Cladistics is a new form of phylogenetic
classification
Here we look at what are called shared
derived characters
A derived character may be hair, feathers,
warm blooded
Cladogram
Create your own cladogram (not
in class)
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Here is a list of
animals
Create a cladogram
of simple characters
from the 2nd list
Hand in as homework
after Easter Break
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List of animals
1.
7.
Shark
Fish
Turtle
Kangaroo
Human
Frog
Snake
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List of characters
1.
Has bones
Vertebrate
Primarily Land Dweller
Hair
Has a placenta
Lungs
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6 Kingdom System of
Classification
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There are presently 6 kingdoms and they
are as follows:
1.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Proista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Archaebacteria
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One celled organisms
No bound organelles or nucleus
(prokaryote)
Produce methane as a waste product
Sulfurous hot springs are an example
Many make their own food (autotrophic)
Eubacteria
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Eu means true
One celled prokaryotes
These effect humans everyday
Some cause tooth decay, some food
poisoning
Protista
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Eukaryotic single celled organisms
There are multi-celled protists like Giant
Kelp
Contains all the eukaryotes tha are not
fungi, plants, or animals (about 50,000
species)
Amoeba’s and Euglena are examples
Fungi
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100,000 species including mushrooms,
rusts, mildews, and molds
Most reproduce with spores
Heterotrphs (absorb nutrients)
Plants
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Most use photosynthesis to obtain food
Most live on land
350,000 species
Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
Animals
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Most have symmetrical body organization
Most reproduce by meiosis
Three-Domain System
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Bacteria is one
Archaea is another
All Eukaryotes are the last (includes
protists, plants, fungi and anmals)