Transcript chemistryandmacromolecules2

UNIT 1
BIOCHEMISTRY
Part 2
Hillis Textbook Chapter 2-3
Chem Properties
2007-2008
This week:
• Monday: chemistry vocabulary
and wrap-up
• Tuesday: Biomolecules, hydrolysis
and dehydration synthesis.
Homework reactions/metabolism
• Wednesday: Quiz of metabolism,
Biomolecule card sort and chart
completion for a grade!
Pre-Lab handout for homework!
• Thursday: LAB -TESTING FOR
BIOMOLECULES! Practice using
indicators to test for the presence
in foods.
• Friday: Share out with the class –
lab data and results
Next Week:
• Monday: Enzyme lecture
Pre-Lab for homework
• Tuesday: LAB – ENZYME
ACTION OF CATALASE
• Wednesday: Share out with the
class – lab data and results.
Homework study for exam and
finish objectives
• Thursday: Exam 1 multiple choice
and grid
• Friday: Exam 1 free response
portion
Water is:
An
AQUEOUS
solution is
water-based!
(aq)
Slight negative and slight
positive pull makes it polar
with hydrogen bonding!
• Polar!
• Consists of hydrogen bonding between water
molecules
• Sticky because of the bonding properties
(cohesion – sticks to itself and adhesion – sticks
to other things)
• High heat of vaporization, high heat capacity!
(this is why water balances our internal
environment, as well as the environment in our
ecosystems!  think of lakes and oceans)
HYDROPHILIC vs. HYDROPHOBIC
• Hydrophilic – having an affinity to water and capable of
interacting with water through hydrogen bonding.
▫ Look for polar groups…
• Hydrophobic – tendency for non-polar substances to aggregate
in an aqueous solution and exclude water.
▫ Look for non polar groups…
• Amphipathic/Amphiphiles – molecules with
hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains.
▫ When interacting with water, the polar ends
will face out and non-polar ends will face in,
to form a bilayer or a micelle.
▫ Examples include detergents (soap bubbles)
and the cell membrane.
POLAR vs. NON-POLAR
(How do you know?)
Polar – electrons are distributed asymmetrically
(ex. Water)
POLAR COVALENT BOND:
Bond in which electrons are unequally shared
Non-polar – electrons are distributed more evenly
(ex. Carbon Dioxide)
NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND:
Bond in which electrons are equally shared
COVALENT BOND:
Bond in which electrons are
SHARED (which creates a very
strong, stable attraction)
Examples of Polar and non-polar
molecules
Formula
Polar
Description
Example
AB
Linear Molecules
CO
HAx
Molecules with a single H
HF
AxOH
Molecules with an OH at one end
C2H5OH
OxAy
Molecules with an O at one end
H2O
NxAy
Molecules with an N at one end
NH3
A2
Diatomic (2) molecules of the same
element
O2
CxAy
Most carbon compounds
CO2
Nonpolar
ACID vs. BASE
And
the
relation
to
water
disassociation
• Water can disassociate (separate) into both acidic and basic properties.
The H+ end contributes to
an acid and the OH- end
contributes to a base.
Remember this word?
When dissolved
in water
When dissolved
in water
H+ ions also symbolize protons!
ACID!
BASE!
Chemical formulas of acids and bases in water:
HEY!!!
I thought –OH was
a hydroxyl group!?
… no, the hydroxide
ion (OH-) comes
from within the
molecule, it isn’t
added to it!
pH: how acids and bases are measured
depending on their strength.
<7 is an acid and >7 is a base. 7 is neutral
Buffers:Aqueous solutions that have a
small amount of acid/base which will
prevent pH change if a strong acid or base is added to it.
Remember those functional groups?
If the following groups are added to a molecule, it
would change the property of that molecule!
-OH
-C=O
-COOH
-NH2
-SH
-PO4
HYDROXYL (ALCOHOLS) make it polar and water-soluble (hydrophilic)
CARBONYL (ALDEHYDE OR KETONE) make it polar and water-soluble
CARBOXYL (CARBOXYLIC ACID)make it water-soluble and a weak acid
AMINES (AMINO) make water-soluble, weak bases
SULFHYDRYL (THIOLS) decrease polarity and water solubility
PHOSPHATES are usually acidic
*BONUS –CH3 (methyl group)
It’s a hydrocarbon!
Makes it hydrophobic and
non-polar
WORK ON YOUR OBJECTIVES!
• OBJECTIVES ARE DUE SEPT 19th
• WE HAVE ALREADY COVERED 9 of the 18.
… YES, THAT IS HALF.
P.S. let’s start practicing classroom procedures. I
DO NOT like you out of your seat until the bell
rings, unless otherwise instructed.
THANK YOU!!!!!
UNIT 1
BIOCHEMISTRY
Part 2
Hillis Textbook Chapter 2-3
Chem Properties
2007-2008
This week:
• Monday: chemistry vocabulary
and wrap-up
• Tuesday: Biomolecules, hydrolysis
and dehydration synthesis.
Homework reactions/metabolism
• Wednesday: Quiz of metabolism,
Biomolecule card sort and chart
completion for a grade!
Pre-Lab handout for homework!
• Thursday: LAB -TESTING FOR
BIOMOLECULES! Practice using
indicators to test for the presence
in foods.
• Friday: Share out with the class –
lab data and results
Next Week:
• Monday: Enzyme lecture
Pre-Lab for homework
• Tuesday: LAB – ENZYME
ACTION OF CATALASE
• Wednesday: Share out with the
class – lab data and results.
Homework study for exam and
finish objectives
• Thursday: Exam 1 multiple choice
and grid
• Friday: Exam 1 free response
portion
Water is:
• __________________
• Consists of _________________________
• Sticky because of the bonding properties
(_________________________________)
• ___________________________________
(this is why water balances our internal environment, as
well as the environment in our ecosystems!  think of
lakes and oceans)
HYDROPHILIC vs. HYDROPHOBIC
• Hydrophilic –
• Hydrophobic –
• Amphipathic/Amphiphiles –
▫ When interacting with water, the polar ends
will face out and non-polar ends will face in,
to form a bilayer or a micelle.
▫ Examples include ____________________
_________________________________
POLAR vs. NON-POLAR
(How do you know?)
Polar – _________________________________
(ex. Water)
POLAR COVALENT BOND:
Bond in which ____________________________
Non-polar – ______________________________
(ex. Carbon Dioxide)
NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND:
____________________________________
COVALENT BOND:
_________________
_________________
Examples of Polar and non-polar
molecules
Formula
Polar
Description
Example
AB
Linear Molecules
CO
HAx
Molecules with a single H
HF
AxOH
Molecules with an OH at one end
C2H5OH
OxAy
Molecules with an O at one end
H2O
NxAy
Molecules with an N at one end
NH3
A2
Diatomic (2) molecules of the same
element
O2
CxAy
Most carbon compounds
CO2
Nonpolar
ACID vs. BASE
And
the
relation
to
water
disassociation
• Water can disassociate (separate) into both acidic and basic properties.
__________________
__________________
__________________
Remember this word?
When dissolved
in water
When dissolved
in water
H+ ions also symbolize protons!
_____
_____
Chemical formulas of acids and bases in water:
pH: _____________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Buffers: __________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Remember those functional groups?
If the following groups are added to a molecule, it
would change the property of that molecule!
-OH
-C=O
-COOH
-NH2
-SH
-PO4
*BONUS –CH3 (methyl group)
MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
• BIOMOLECULES – macromolecules essential
for living things to survive.
Macromolecules
• Smaller organic molecules join together to
form larger molecules
▫ macromolecules
• 4 major classes of
macromolecules:
▫
▫
▫
▫
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Polymers and monomers
Polymers: Long molecules built by linking
repeating building blocks in a chain
Monomers: building blocks of the polymers!
• Small, repeated units
• Made from covalent bonding!
How to build a polymer
• Synthesis
You gotta
be open to
“bonding!
▫ joins monomers by “taking” H2O out
 one monomer donates OH–
 other monomer donates H+
 together these form H2O
▫ requires energy & enzymes
HO
H2O
H HO
Dehydration synthesis
H
enzyme
Condensation reaction
HO
H
How to break down a polymer
Breaking up
is hard to do!
• Digestion
▫ use H2O to breakdown polymers
 reverse of dehydration synthesis
 cleave off one monomer at a time
 H2O is split into H+ and OH–
 H+ & OH– attach to ends
▫ requires enzymes
▫ releases energy
HO
H2 O
enzyme
H
Hydrolysis
Digestion
HO
H
HO
H