Transcript Organic Molecules Lab NOTES

Biochemistry
Chapter 3
Inorganic molecules: Are not
made of both C AND H
Organic Molecules: Contain C AND
H; may have other elements
- hydrocarbons: organic molecules
that have ONLY C and H
Compounds of the Cell:
Water
Lipids
Minerals
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic
Acids
Minerals
Important minerals:
Iron
Phosphorous
Calcium
Iodine
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
Minerals
Function:
- help maintain fluid balance;
- act as a pH buffer
- aid in structure of cells (body)
- allow nervous system to work
The 4 major compounds in the cell are
all types of Macromolecules
Macro = BIG
First we build a smallish organic
molecule.
Then we link many of
those together
building a chain
Single units are called monomers
Chain of units is called polymer
Single units are called monomers
Chain of units is called polymer
Carbon:
The Atom
eee-
6 p+
6 n0
e-
e-
e-
• How many
electrons does
carbon want in its
outer orbital?
8
• How many bonds
can carbon
make?
4
Carbon: The Element
Diamond
Graphite
Carbon Compounds
•Why is carbon the
chemical backbone for
life?
Why not oxygen or
hydrogen?
1. Carbon atoms can form not 1,
not 2, not 3, but
four covalent bonds.
2. Carbon atoms have a great
bond with other
tendency to _____________
carbon atoms
____________.
3. Carbon atoms can bond in
multiple ways to produce
a
variety of molecular shapes.
________________________
Other Biochem basics
• Since Biochemistry uses so many
C’s and H’s, we can simplify our
structures by “hiding” some of
them
Other Biochem basics
• There is a Carbon atom at each
corner or point
• DON’T FORGET ABOUT THIS!!
• It is also assumed that, if no atom
is shown, Carbon’s remaining
bonds are filled up with H
The many
shapes of carbon
• Draw a molecule with
carbon and hydrogen atoms
that would look like a:
–Straight chain
–Branched chain
–Ring
Carbon Straight Chain
Carbon Branched Chain
Carbon Ring
Functional groups
atoms within a carbon
groups of ______
molecule that has characteristic
properties.
hydrogen on the
• They replace the _________
carbon backbone.
properties of
• They influence the _________
the molecule.
complexity and
• They add more ___________
diversity to organic compounds.
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl
Amino
Carboxyl
Phosphate
Biological Macromolecules
4 Major Classes of organic
compounds:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins
Building macromolecules
• Monomer: small, simple
molecular unit
_________________.
• Polymer: molecule that is made
monomers
from many joined ___________.
Large polymers are called
• _______
macromolecules.
• Monomers are linked together
through a chemical reaction
called dehydration synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
• One monomer loses a hydrogen.
Another monomer loses a hydroxyl
(OH) group. This makes water!
• Then the monomers form a new
bond between the two atoms that
just lost a bond.
• New monomers are added to the
growing polymer.
Dehydration synthesis:
- Step 1: begin with at least two
unlinked monomers
HO
OH
+
HO
OH
Dehydration synthesis:
- Step 2: Remove an H from monomer
1 and an OH from monomer 2
- The H and OH combine to form
water
HO
OH
+
HO
HOH = H2O
OH
Dehydration synthesis:
- Step 3: connect what is left of the
monomers
HO HO
+
O O
OH
OH + H2O
Dehydration synthesis:
Final products:
1 Growing chain
- (beginnings of a polymer)
1 Water molecule
HO
O
OH
+ H2O
Example of Dehydration
Synthesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU
H2O
Hydrolysis: Chemical reaction that
uses water to separate polymers into
monomers. (Break apart)
- Exactly the opposite of Dehydration
synthesis
Hydrolysis
• A water molecule is split into the
H+ and OH- ions.
• A bond of the polymer is broken
when these ions attach.
• This process breaks down
polymers into monomers.
• *Word Hint*
• “hydro-” means _______________.
• “-lysis” means
Hydrolysis:
- Step 1: Start with polymer and 1
water molecule
HO
O
OH
+ H2O
Hydrolysis:
- Step 2: Break water into 1 H and 1
OH
- Add the H to one monomer and the
OH to the other;
HO
O
H HO
OH
Hydrolysis:
- Step 3: Split the bond between
monomers
HO
OH
HO
OH
Hydrolysis:
- Final Product:
Two unlinked monomers
HO
OH
HO
OH
Examples