Transcript MATTER INTO ENERGY ENERGY INTO MATTER - TJ

UNIT 3- ENERGY,
MATTER, AND
ORGANIZATION:
RELATIONSHIPS IN
LIVING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8THE CELLULAR
BASIS OF
ACTIVITY
• Matter- Anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Energy- The ability of a system or matter to do work.
Determined by the breaking and forming of chemical
bonds. Energy is required for all cellular biochemical
reactions in a body. Energy causes molecules in the
cells to be rearranged. This is a matter-energy
relationship for biology.
• Atom- The basic building blocks of all matter. The
simplest particle of an element that retains all of the
properties of that element.
• Element- A substance consisting of the same type of
atom and that can’t be broken down to form any
simpler kinds of matter.
• Molecule- A chemical structure composed of one or
more atoms or elements.
• Chemical Bonds- Forces that hold atoms or elements
together in a predictable way. Forces that store energy
in molecules.
• Exothermic Reaction- Chemical reactions that
release heat due the rearranging of molecules.
• Endothermic Reaction- Chemical reactions that
absorb heat due to the rearranging of molecules.
• Potential Energy- Energy that is stored in the
structure of matter and is available for use.
• Kinetic Energy- Energy that is active and due to the
motion of matter.
• Synthesis- A chemical reaction where two or more
smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger
molecule.
• Decomposition- A chemical reaction where a larger
molecule is broken down into two or more smaller
molecules.
• Adenosine TriPhosphate- The molecule that is
commonly used as a direct source of energy by
organisms. A molecule that is broken down from
large, long term storage molecules, like glycogen, into
a smaller form that can be used as a direct source of
energy.
• Food- Material (matter), usually of
plant or animal origin, that contains or
consists of essential body nutrients, such
as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
or minerals, and is ingested and
assimilated by an organism to produce
energy, stimulate growth, & maintain life
• calorie- The unit of measurement used to
designate the amount of energy
contained in food or the amount of
energy an organism uses to operate.
– The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram
(milliliter) of water 1 Celsius.
– When looking at food, calories are given in
kilocalories (1,000 calories), written with a
capital Calories.
– If a food says it has 200 Calories per serving,
that means it really has 200 kilocalories or
200,000 calories.
FOOD (ORGANIC)
MACROMOLECULES
• Carbohydrates (bread, pasta, fruit, dairy,
candy)- provide much of the energy that
cells need.
– The building blocks of carbohydrates are
glucose molecules. Their chemical structure is
in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O.
– They are also called saccharides
• Mono- 1- glucose, fructose
• Di- 2- sucrose
• Poly- many- starch
– Carbs must be broken down to their simplest
form (glucose) in order for cells to use them.
FOOD (ORGANIC)
MACROMOLECULES
• Lipids (fat, oils)- organic substances that
are insoluble in water, but break down in
organic solvents.
• The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids
and glycerol.
– Lipids are what carbs turn into when you don’t
use them
– They are much harder to break down and
metabolize
FOOD (ORGANIC)
MACROMOLECULES
• Proteins (meats, nuts, dairy)- serve as
structural material and quick energy
sources.
– The building blocks of proteins are amino
acids
– Proteins serve as enzymes, molecules that
help speed up metabolic reactions
– Proteins are the building blocks of the body,
but don’t provide much lasting energy as food