Transcript Chemistry of Life

Chapter 2
The Chemistry of Life
Section 1: The Nature of
Matter
Objectives
• What three subatomic particles make up
atoms?
• How are all the isotopes of an element
similar?
• What are the two types of chemical
bonds?
The Big Idea
• Life Depends on chemistry
• Chemical reactions keep you
alive
Atom
• Basic unit of matter
Democrites
Subatomic particles
• Protons - Positively charged (+)
• Neutrons - Not charged (neutral)
• Electrons - Negatively charged (-)
Electrons
Bind together
to form the
nucleus
Protons
Nucleus
Neutrons
Element
• A pure substance that consists
of just one type of atom
An elements atomic number = number of
protons
6
C
Carbon
12.011
Atomic number
Isotope
• Atoms of the same element
that differ in the number of
neutrons they contain
Nonradioactive carbon-12
6 electrons
6 protons
6 neutrons
Nonradioactive carbon-13
6 electrons
6 protons
7 neutrons
Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons
6 protons
8 neutrons
The Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom is its mass number
6
C
Carbon
12.011
Mass number
• The weighted average of the
masses of an elements isotope is
called its atomic mass
Radioactive isotopes
• Can be dangerous
• Can be used
practically
–Radioactive dating
–Treat cancer
–Kill bacteria
Compounds
• A substance formed by the
chemical combination of two or
more elements in definite
proportions
• Ex) H2O, NaCl
Table Salt
Ionic Bonds
• Formed when one or more
electrons are transferred from
one atom to another
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Protons +11
Electrons -10
Charge
+1
Protons +17
Electrons -18
Charge
-1
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11
Electrons -11
Charge
0
Protons +17
Electrons -17
Charge
0
• If an atom loses an electron it
becomes positive
• If an atom gains an electron it
becomes negative
Ions
• Positively and negatively
charged atoms
Covalent Bonds
• Forms when electrons are
shared between atoms
Molecule
• The structure that results when
atoms are joined together by a
covalent bond
• Smallest unit of most compounds
Van der Waals Forces
• A slight attraction that
develops between the
oppositely charged regions of
nearby molecules due to
unequal sharing of electrons
Section 2: Properties of
Water
Objectives
• Why are water molecules polar?
• What are acidic solutions? What
are basic solutions?
The Big Idea
• Much of our planet is covered in
water
• Water is necessary for life to exist
• If life exists on other planets,
there most likely is water present
• Water has many properties that
make life possible
Polarity
(-)
The oxygen atom has
a stronger attraction for
electrons
(+)
Hydrogen Bonds
• Because of waters partial
charges, they can attract each
other and create hydrogen bonds
• Not as strong as covalent or ionic
bonds
• Waters ability to create multiple
hydrogen bonds gives it many
special properties
Cohesion
• Attraction between molecules of
the same substance
Adhesion
• Attraction molecules of different
substances
Mixture
• Material composed of two or more
elements or compounds that are
physically mixed but not
chemically combined
• Ex.) salt & pepper, earths
atmosphere
Solutions
• Mixture of two or more
substances in which the
molecules are evenly distributed
• Ex.) salt water
• Settles out over time
Solutions
Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water
Solute
• Substance that is dissolved
• Ex.) salt
Solvent
• The substance that does the
dissolving
• Ex.) Water
Suspensions
• Mixture of water and nondissolved materials
• Ex.) sugar solution, blood
• Separate into pieces so small,
they never settle out
The pH scale
• Indicated the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a solution
Acid
Neutral
Base
Acids
• Any compound that forms H+
(hydrogen) ions in solution
Base
• A compound that produces OH(hydroxide) ions in solution
Buffers
• Weak acids or bases that can
react with strong acids or bases
to prevent sharp, sudden pH
changes
Section 3: Carbon Compounds
Objective
• What are the functions of each
group of organic compounds?
Interest Grabber
Section 2-3
Life’s backbone
• Most of the compounds that make up living
things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes
up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these
compounds. Each atom of carbon has four
electrons in its outer energy level, which
makes it possible for each carbon atom to
form four bonds with other atoms.
• As a result, carbon atoms can form long
chains. A huge number of different carbon
compounds exist. Each compound has a
different structure. For example, carbon chains
can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds
of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
Macromolecules “giant molecules”
• Formed by a process called
polymerization
Monomers
• Smaller units
Polymers
• Linked up monomers
Carbohydrates
• Compounds made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
usually in a ratio of 1:2:1
• Main source of energy
• The monomers of starch are
sugars
• Single sugar molecules are called
monosaccharides
• The large macromolecules
formed from monosaccharides
are known as polysaccharides
Starch
Glucose
Lipids
• Made mostly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms
• Used to store energy
Lipid
Fatty Acids
Glycerol
Proteins
• Macromolecules that contain
nitrogen as well as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
• Proteins are polymers of
molecules called amino acids
Amino Acids
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
• More than 20 different amino
acids, can join to any other amino
acid
• The instructions for arranging
amino acids into many different
proteins are stored in DNA
• Each protein has a specific role
• The shape of proteins can be very
important
Proteins
Amino
Acids
Nucleic Acids
• Macromolecules containing hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
Double
Helix
Nucleotides
• Consists of 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar,
phosphate group and nitrogen base
Nitrogen Base
Phosphate
group
5-Carbon Sugar
2 kinds of nucleic acids
• RNA (ribonucleic acids) –
contains sugar ribose
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) –
contains sugar deoxyribose
Section 4: Chemical
Reactions and Enzymes
Objectives
• What happens to chemical bonds
during chemical reactions?
• How do energy changes affect
whether a chemical reaction will
occur?
• Why are enzymes important to
living things?
The Big Idea
• Living things are made up of
chemical compounds
• Everything that happens to an
organism is based on chemical
reactions
Chemical Reactions
• A process that changes or
transforms one set of chemicals
into another
Reactants
• Elements or compounds that
enter into a reaction
Products
• Elements or compounds
produced by a chemical reaction
Example Reaction: Getting
rid of carbon dioxide
• In the blood
CO2 + H20  H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
• In the lungs
H2CO3  CO2 + H2O
Released as you
breathe
Energy in reactions
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Activation Energy
• The energy that is needed to get
a reaction started
Enzymes
• Some chemical reactions are too
slow or have activation energies
that are too high to make them
practical for living tissue
• These chemical reactions are
made possible by catalysts
Catalyst
• Substance that speeds up the
rate of chemical reactions
• Work by lowering a reactions
activation energy
Enzyme
•
•
•
•
•
Biological catalysts
Speed up reactions in cells
Very specific
Named for the reaction it catylzes
Enzyme names always end in ase
• Enzymes can be reused as long
as they are not denatured
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Products
Substrates
• The reactants of enzyme
catalyzed reactions
• The active site of the enzyme and
the substrate have
complementary shapes
• Fit like a lock and key
Enzyme Action
Enzyme – substrate complex
ADP
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ATP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
• Enzymes are affected by any
variable that affects chemical
reactions
1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Concentration
of enzyme
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
AGENDA
CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
CODE:
GIVES WATCH
G lucose
I insulin
V
E
S
W
accine
strogen
tarch
ater
A mino
acids
T estosterone
C atalyst
H ormone
E
nzymes
A ntibodies A
ntigens
DO NOW:
• Answer
sample
regents
question.
MINI
LESSON:
• Identify what
each word
from the code
give swatch
represent.
• Discuss each
example of
chemical
substance
ACTIVITY:
Slideshow
REFLECTION
HOMEWORK
Homework
Sheet
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
AGENDA
Chemical Substances
Glucose
GIVES WATCH
- simple sugar
- building blocks of starch
State Standard 1,2 &4
CCSS: Grades 9-10
RST 4, 7
DO NOW:
( 5 mins)
Match vocabulary
words to their
correct description
MINI LESSON: ( 2030 mins)
• Brainstorm the
word chemicals
• Discuss the
difference between
organic and inorganic
compounds
• identify various
examples of organic
compounds
• Identify and
discuss various life
processes
ACTIVITY:
( 20-30 mins)
Slideshow
SUMMARY
( 10 mins )
HOMEWORK
( 5 mins )
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
AGENDA
Chemical Substances
Insulin
- hormone that regulates sugar
in the blood
- produced by the pancreas
State Standard 1,2 &4
CCSS: Grades 9-10
RST 4, 7
DO NOW:
( 5 mins)
Match vocabulary
words to their
correct description
MINI LESSON: ( 2030 mins)
• Brainstorm the
word chemicals
• Discuss the
difference between
organic and inorganic
compounds
• identify various
examples of organic
compounds
• Identify and
discuss various life
processes
ACTIVITY:
( 20-30 mins)
Slideshow
SUMMARY
( 10 mins )
HOMEWORK
( 5 mins )
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
AGENDA
Chemical Substances
Vaccine
- consists of dead pathogens
( bacteria or viruses)
-stimulates the body to produce
antibodies
State Standard 1,2 &4
CCSS: Grades 9-10
RST 4, 7
DO NOW:
( 5 mins)
Match vocabulary
words to their
correct description
MINI LESSON: ( 2030 mins)
• Brainstorm the
word chemicals
• Discuss the
difference between
organic and inorganic
compounds
• identify various
examples of organic
compounds
• Identify and
discuss various life
processes
ACTIVITY:
( 20-30 mins)
Slideshow
SUMMARY
( 10 mins )
HOMEWORK
( 5 mins )
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
Chemical Substance
Estrogen
- female reproductive hormone
- produced by the ovaries
- helps in the production of eggs
AGENDA
DO NOW:
• Answer
sample
regents
question.
MINI
LESSON:
• Identify what
each word
from the code
give swatch
represent.
• Discuss each
example of
chemical
substance
ACTIVITY:
Slideshow
REFLECTION
HOMEWORK
Homework
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
Chemical Substance
STARCH
- made up of glucose molecules
- produced by plants
AGENDA
DO NOW:
• Answer
sample
regents
question.
MINI
LESSON:
• Identify what
each word
from the code
give swatch
represent.
• Discuss each
example of
chemical
substance
ACTIVITY:
Slideshow
REFLECTION
HOMEWORK
Homework
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
Chemical Substance
Antibodie
s
- produced by white blood cells
AGENDA
DO NOW:
• Answer
sample
regents
question.
- protect the body against pathogens
antibodies
White
blood cells
Pathogens
MINI
LESSON:
• Identify what
each word
from the code
give swatch
represent.
• Discuss each
example of
chemical
substance
ACTIVITY:
Slideshow
REFLECTION
HOMEWORK
Homework
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
Chemical Substance
Amino acids
T estosterone
- building blocks of protein
- male hormones
- produced by the testes
AGENDA
DO NOW:
• Answer
sample
regents
question.
MINI
LESSON:
• Identify what
each word
from the code
give swatch
represent.
• Discuss each
example of
chemical
substance
- helps in the production of sperm
ACTIVITY:
Slideshow
REFLECTION
HOMEWORK
Homework
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
Chemical Substance
C atalyst
H ormone
-Examples:
AGENDA
- chemical that speeds up
chemical reaction.
DO NOW:
• Answer
sample
regents
question.
- one example is an enzyme
MINI
LESSON:
- chemical messengers that are
• Identify what
responsible for cell communicationeach word
Insulin,
Estrogen, testosterone
from the code
give swatch
represent.
• Discuss each
example of
chemical
substance
ACTIVITY:
Slideshow
REFLECTION
HOMEWORK
Homework
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
M I N I L E S S O N: (10 - 15 mins)
Chemical Substance
Enzymes
- a special type of protein that
breaks down, cuts and speed
up chemical reaction.
- most enzymes end with - ase
TOPIC: Use of Acronyms: GIVES WATCH
AIM: How can we explain the importance of chemical substances in the
living system?
DO NOW QUIZ: (5-10 mins)
AGENDA
11-18-15
DO NOW:
• Answer
sample
regents
question.
MINI
LESSON:
• Identify what
each word
from the code
give swatch
represent.
• Discuss each
example of
chemical
substance
ACTIVITY:
Slideshow
REFLECTION
HOMEWORK
1. State what is in a vaccine that makes it
effective. Vaccine is made up of dead or
weakened virus or bacteria
2. Explain how a vaccine prevents future
infections?
Vaccine will make the body produce
antibodies
3. Identify the genetic event that can
change a flu virus strain into a
different strain.
MUTATION