Transcript cells

WUHSD
NCLB Biology Review
Ms. Martinez
LSHS
Investigation & Experimentation
(I&E 1c,e,f) MONKEY STAMP
1. Define
Hypothesis:
1. Define
Hypothesis:
a testable possible explanation of
an observation.
2. Define
Theory:
2. Define
Theory:
an explanation that has been
tested and confirmed many times
3. Why is
it necessary for
an experiment to include a
control group?
3. Why is
it necessary for
an experiment to include a
control group?
It is a part of the experiment that
is not tested and is used to
compare results.
4. What are
the steps
of the
scientific method?
4. What are
the steps of the
scientific method?
1. Ask a question
5. Data Collection
2. Hypothesis
6. Conclusions
3. Experiment
7. Retest, if
4. Observations
necessary
STAR STAMP
5. Define monomer:
5. Define monomer:
Small, simple molecules
6. Define polymer:
6. Define polymer:
Large, complex molecules made
from simple monomers
7. Fill in the chart below.
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Amino Acids
Lipids
Nucleotides
Common
Example
7. Fill in the chart below.
Polymer
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Monomer
Common
Example
Monosaccharide
Glucose, C6H12O6
Protein
Amino Acids
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty
acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Muscle, Enzymes
Oils, waxes
DNA and RNA
8. What is the function
of an enzyme?
8. What is the function
of an enzyme?
No Enzyme
Enzyme
-Is a biological
catalyst that speeds
up chemical reactions
by lowering the
activation energy of a
reaction.
**most end in –ASE
9. What factors can
reduce the effectiveness
of enzyme function?
9. What factors can
reduce the effectiveness
of enzyme function?
A change in pH, temperature, or
substrate concentration.
10. Describe the process
in the figure below.
10. Describe the process
in the figure below.
1.
substrate binds to the active site
2.
the reaction occurs
3.
the products are released
11. Does the enzyme
change during this
process?
11. Does the enzyme
change during this
process?
No
12. What happens to the
enzyme following this
process?
12. What happens to the enzyme
following this process?
It gets recycled
Cell Structure & Function (Cell Biology 1a-e)
13. What is the difference
between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
13. What is the difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes
•Smaller
•Simple
•No nucleus
•No specialized
organelles
Eukaryotes
•Larger
•Complex
•Nucleus
•Many
specialized
organelles
14. Give an example of a
prokaryotic cell:
14. Give an
example of a
prokaryotic
cell:
Bacterium
15. Give at least two
examples of eukaryotic
cells:
15. Give at least two
examples of eukaryotic
cells:
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
16. What is a virus?
16. What describes a
virus?
Protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
17. Why are viruses not
considered living cells?
17. Why are viruses not
considered living cells?
They are not made of cells.
18. What is the function
of a ribosome?
18. What is the function
of a ribosome?
ribosomes synthesize proteins
19. What is the function
of the endoplasmic
reticulum? (Letter C)
19. What is the function of the
endoplasmic reticulum?
transports proteins throughout the
cell.
20. What is the function
of the Golgi apparatus?
(Letter G)
20. What is the function
of the Golgi apparatus?
It packages and prepares proteins
for export out of the cell.
21. What are the
functions of the cell
membrane?
21. What are the
functions of the cell
membrane?
is responsible for maintaining
homeostasis in cells
22. Define semipermeable:
22. Define semipermeable:
it allows only certain molecules to
pass through.
Cellular Energy (Cell Biology 1f,g)
23. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
23. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
Light Energy
+ 6H2O + 6CO2
6O2 + C6H12O6
24. Rewrite the equation
above using words (instead of
chemical formulas).
Light Energy
+ 6H2O + 6CO2
Light Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
6O2 + C6H12O6
Oxygen +Glucose
25. What role does
chlorophyll have in
photosynthesis?
25. What role does
chlorophyll have in
photosynthesis?
is the major light-absorbing
pigment in plant photosynthesis
26. In which
macromolecule group
does glucose belong?
26. In which
macromolecule group
does glucose belong?
Carbohydrates
(Sugars ends in –ose and
so does gross!!)
27. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
cellular respiration?
27. What is the overall
chemical reaction of cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
28. Rewrite the equation above using
words (instead of chemical formulas).
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
29. What are the three main stages
of cellular respiration (in order)?
# 1,3, and 5
29. What are the three main stages
of cellular respiration (in order)?
# 1,3, and 5
Glycolysis
(Cytoplasm)
Krebs Cycle
(Matrix)
Electron Transport
(Cristae/Inner Membrane)
30. What is the main
product of cellular
respiration?
30. What is the main
product of cellular
respiration?
ATP
31. What was broken
down to produce ATP?
31. What was broken
down to produce ATP?
Glucose, C6H12O6
DNA & Protein Synthesis (Cell Biology 1d, Genetics 4a-e & 5a-c)
32. Label the
parts of the
DNA molecule
to the right.
32. Label the
parts of the DNA
molecule to the
right.
A,B,C,D= Base Pairs
E=Alternating Phosphate
and Sugar molecules
F=Nucleotide (Phosphate,
Sugar, Base)
33. Do all cells in a
person contain the same
DNA sequence?
33. Do all cells in a
person contain the same
DNA sequence?
YES!!
34. If all cells of a
multicellular organism
contain the same genes,
explain how they appear
and function differently?
34. If all cells of a multicellular
organism contain the same
genes, explain how they appear
and function differently?
-cells only transcribe those portions
of genes that they need
35. Describe the
nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
35. Describe the
nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
Guanine with cytosine
Adenine with thymine
(GCAT)
36. The
process of
information
encoded in
DNA being
rewritten as
mRNA is
called
.
36. The
process of
information
encoded in
DNA being
rewritten as
mRNA is
called Transcription
.
37. Determine the mRNA
sequence that would be
produced from this original
template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG-GCT-A 3`
mRNA= ?
37. Determine the mRNA
sequence that would be
produced from this original
template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG – GCT - A 3`
mRNA=3`UAC - CGA - U 5`
38. What are the 3 main
differences between
DNA and RNA?
38. What are the 3 main
differences between DNA and
RNA?
DNA
RNA
Shape
Double Helix
Linear
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Bases
GCAT
GCAU
39. The process
of cells using
information from
mRNA to
produce proteins
is called_
.
39. The process
of cells using
information from
mRNA to
produce proteins
is called_Translation.
40. Label
each of the
parts in the
diagram to
the right.
40. Label each
of the parts in
the diagram to
the right.
F=mRNA
G=Ribosome
E=Codon
D=Amino acid
C=tRNA
A=Polypeptide/Protein B=Peptide Bond
41. What type of bonds
connect amino acids to
produce a protein?
41. What type of bonds connect
amino acids to produce a
protein?
Peptide Bonds
Polypeptide/Protein
42. Which
amino acids
would the
mRNA
sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG
produce?
42. Which
amino acids
would the
mRNA sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG
produce?
Ser-Met-Glu
43. List all
mRNA codons
that code for
the amino acid
alanine.
43. List all
mRNA codons
that code for
the amino acid
alanine.
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
44. What is the reason
for so many different
proteins existing,
when there are only 20
amino acids?
44. What is the reason for so
many different proteins existing,
when there are only 20 amino
acids?
-Each protein is made from a different
combination and number of amino
acids.
45. Define mutation:
45. Define mutation:
-A natural process that produces
genetic diversity.
-Most mutation are harmless.
46. What are 2 types of
mutations?
46. What are 2 types of
mutations?
47. What are some
possible causes of
mutations?
47. What are some
possible causes of
mutations?
Over exposure to UV light,
smoking, drinking, x-rays,
genetics
48. What could happen
as a result of a
mutation?
48. What could
happen as a
result of a
mutation?
The amino acid
sequence can change
and a different protein
expressed.
NORMAL
Sickle Cell
49. Inserting foreign
DNA into an organism is
known as
.
49. Inserting foreign
DNA into an organism is
known as
.
Genetic Engineering
50. Give an example of
how the process above
can be beneficial.
50. Give an example of
how the process above
can be beneficial.
1. To make medicine
2. To make new and better plants and animals
3. To cure diseases
Meiosis & Genetics (Genetics 2a-f)
51. Define
chromosome:
51. Define
chromosome:
X-like structure made of
DNA and Proteins
52. Define meiosis:
52. Define meiosis:
-The process that changes the chromosome
number from Diploid, 2n, to Haploid, n.
-To produce haploid gametes [sex cells]
53. Which cells undergo
meiosis?
53. Which cells are the
result of meiosis?
-Males= sperm,n
-Females= egg,n
54. Define diploid:
54. Define diploid:
2n=Full set of chromosomes
found in any somatic cell of an
organism
55. Define haploid:
55. Define haploid:
-Half the number of chromosomes
found in a diploid cell.
-Sex cells have a haploid number
of chromosomes.
56. Describe
what is
occurring and
the types of
cells that would
be produced in
the diagram to
the right.
2n
n
n
n
n
56. Describe
what is occurring
and the types of
cells that would
be produced in
the diagram to
the right.
2n
n
-Crossing-over
-Gametes (egg,n, and sperm,n)
are made
n
n
n
57. What is the
difference between
somatic cells and sex
cells?
57. What is the
difference between
somatic cells and sex
cells?
-Somatic Cells=2n, any cell except
sex cells
-Sex cells/gametes=n, egg and sperm
only
58. Sperm cells and egg
cells can also be called
.
58. Sperm cells and egg
cells can also be called
.
Gametes
Or
Sex Cells
59. Which process occurring
during prophase 1 of meiosis
does this diagram represent?
How do you know?
59. Which process occurring
during prophase 1 of meiosis
does this diagram represent?
How do you know?
-Crossing-over
-Chromatids are exchanging alleles
60. A plant has a genotype
of TtPp, list all possible
genetic combinations found
in the gametes produced:
60. A plant has a genotype
of TtPp, list all possible
genetic combinations found
in the gametes produced:
TP
Tp
tP
tp
61. Define allele:
61. Define allele:
-different versions of a gene
Ex Gene: Flower color
alleles: A=purple a=white
62. How many alleles of
each gene are passed on
from each parent to make a
child’s genotype? Give an
example.
62. How many alleles of each
gene are passed on from each
parent to make a child’s
genotype?
-Half from each parent
-ex hair color, eye color
63. Why is random
chromosome
segregation an
important part of
meiosis?
63. Why is random
chromosome segregation
an important part of
meiosis?
-it ensures
a gamete does get two copies of
the same allele since it only needs half
64. Describe the process
of fertilization (include
number of chromosomes
and cell types involved).
64. Describe the process
of fertilization (include
number of chromosomes
and cell types involved).
23 + 23 = 46
Egg + Sperm = Zygote
65. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in
female body cells?
What are the sex
chromosomes?_______
65. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in
female body cells?
22 pairs (44)
What are the sex
chromosomes? XX (1)
66. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in
male body cells?
What are the sex
chromosomes?_______
66. How many pairs of
autosomes are found in male
body cells?
22 pairs (44)
What are the sex
chromosomes? XY (1)
Guys are XY!!
67. Which sex
chromosome must a
father pass on, in order
to be sure he has a son?
67. Which sex chromosome
must a father pass on, in
order to be sure he has a son?
Guys are XY!!
Y!!
STUDY!!!