Transcript 3rd quarter Assessment

rd
3
quarter Assessment
The Cell Cycle
• 2 Main Phases
• Interphase and M phase
• The M can be either Mitosis or Meiosis
• Interphase ---G1, S, G2
• M phase--• PMAT
DNA replication—Chromosomes
Double
• During the S stage of Interphase
Know the structure below:
• Prophase: Nucleolus and Nuclear membrane
disappear, centrioles and spindle fibers appear
and Chromosomes are visible
• Metaphase –Sister chromatids (doubled
chromosomes) line up down the MIDDLE of
cell
• Anaphase---Sister chromatids (doubled
chromosomes) are pulled apart
• Telophase---opposite of prophase
• Cytokinesis---cell divides---parent cell
becomes 2 cells.
Mitosis Info:
• Creates:
• 2 Diploid cells
• AKA 2 Body cells
• AKA 2 Somatic Cells
• Meiosis makes—
• 4 Haploid Cells
• AKA 4 Sex Cells
• AKA 4 Gametes
• Meiosis creates cells for sex
reproduction
• Meiosis has 8 total phases
• Know what each phase of Meiosis I
and II look like
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
DNA Replication
• Takes place in the Nucleus
• Copies chromosomes…an organism’s
entire genome
• Enzymes: Helicase and DNA Polymerase
• Helicase causes Hydrogen bonds to break
between the DNA strands
• New nucleotides are made during Step 2
of replication
4 Major Differences between
DNA and RNA
DNA ---2 strands
RNA ---1 strand
DNA—Sugar
Deoxyribose
RNA---Sugar
Ribose
Bases---Adenine, Thymine Bases—Adenine, Uracil
Cytosine, Guanine
Cytosine, Guanine
Protein Synthesis
• The two processes that make it up are
Transcription and Translation
• It takes place in the Ribosomes
• The mRNA codons have the code for the
amino acid strand
• KNOW how to use the Table of
mRNA codons and amino acids
Genetics
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Gregor Mendel---Father of Gentics
Used pea plants
An allele is an alternate form of a gene
Genotype—genetic make up---use letters
Phenotype—physical outward appearance—
use descriptive words
• Homozygous Genotype---2 same size letters
• Heterozygous Genotype---2 different letters
Representing other Genotypes---Use 1st letter of
dominant trait and make it Capital
• Use the same letter and make it lower case
• All codominance and Incomplete Dominance
crosses end in the 2 codominant traits creating
BLENDED offspring
• Dihybrid Crosses—Hetero for both traits X Hetero
for both traits
• 9:3:3:1 Ratio
• Sex chromosomes are XX-female XY—male
DNA Transcription
• Takes place in the NUCLEUS
• Process of making mRNA from DNA
• RNA POLYMERASE is the enzyme that unzips
DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds…
• New RNA bases pair with the exposed DNA
bases
• RNA POLYMERASE bonds a new sugar and
phosphate to EACH base to help create a
strand of mRNA
Translation
• Translation takes place in the ribosome to help
build a protein.
• mRNA carries the code and tRNA translates it
by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome.
• AT the end of the process, mRNA and tRNA
release from each other
• What is left is a strand of AMINO ACIDS aka a
PROTEIN