Transcript The Renaissance, Reformation, and Exploration

The Renaissance
Primavera by Botticelli
The Italian Renaissance
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Renaissance means
“rebirth”
Began in Italy
Lasted from 13501600
The classics from
Greece and Rome
were revived
Spread throughout
Europe
Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy
Humanism
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Father: Petrarch
Interest in capabilities
of the individual
Focus on study of
Classical Culture,
secular
Gender:
Men: Well rounded
“Renaissance Man”
 Women: courteous,
graceful, attractive
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Printing Press
Humanism enhanced
by printing
 Gutenberg’s Moveable
Type Press first printed
the Bible in 1454
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Originally invented in
China
By 1500, 10 million
printed books
circulating Europe
Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance
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Urban society
Secular-worldly
Recovery from the
disasters of the 14th
century
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Siena, Italy
Piazza del Campo
Black Death
Political disorder
Economic recession
New view of human
beings and individual
ability
The Italian States
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During the Middle Ages,
Italy had failed to develop
as a monarchy
Lack of single ruler made
it possible for a number of
city-states in northern and
central Italy to remain
independent
Prospered from trade
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Exchanged good with the
Byzantine and Islamic
civilizations, England, and
the Netherlands
Obtained silks, sugar, and
spices to take back to Italy
The Italian States: Milan
14th century-Visconti
family established
themselves as dukes of
Milan and extend power
all over Lombardy
 Last Visconti dies in 1447
 Francesco Sforza
(condottiere-leader of a
band of mercenaries)
conquers Milan and
becomes duke
 Built a strong, centralized
state
 Efficient tax system
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Duomo in Milan, Italy
The Italian States: Venice
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San Marco in Venice, Italy
Grown wealthy from
trading
Small group of merchantaristocrats ran the
government on behalf of
their own interests
Trade empire brought
enormous revenues
Became an international
power
The Italian States: Florence
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Dominated the region of
Tuscany
In 1434, Cosimo de’
Medici took control of the
city
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They were wool traders
and bankers
The Medici kept the
republic form of
government, but ran it
behind the scenes
 Cosimo and Lorenzo put
supporters in offices to
carry out their policies
 Florence was the cultural
center of Italy
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Duomo in Florence, Italy
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
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Wrote The Prince
Concerned with political power
and how to get it and keep it
Rejected the Middle Ages view
that rulers ought to behave on
Christian moral values
Must be based on an
understanding of human
nature
A ruler acts on behalf of the
state, therefore, he should let
his own conscience sleep
Had a profound influence on
political leaders in the Western
world
Machiavelli
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Nobility
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Around 3 % of the
population
Held political posts and
advised Kings
Castiglione describe the
perfect noble in his work
Isabella d’Este
The Book of the Courtier
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Born, not made
Work to be a warrior
Have a classical education
Standards of conduct
Serve his prince in an
effective and honest way
Pietro Medici
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Peasants and Townspeople
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About 90% of the
population
Serfdom declined and
more peasants were
becoming free
Townspeople were
divided also
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Patricians-wealthy traders,
industry, and bankingdominated communities
Burghers-shopkeepers,
artisans, guild membersmiddle class
Impoverished-unemployed,
pitiful wages, 30-40% pop.
Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin Massys
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Family and Marriage
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The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael
Parents carefully arranged
marriages to strengthen
business or family ties
Details were worked out when
children were 2 or 3 years old
Legally binding
Dowry-sum of the money
given by the wife’s family to
the husband upon marriage
Father was the center of family
Children became adults when
they were legally freed
Mother’s role was to supervise
the household
Vernacular Language
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Vernacular-language
spoken in their own
regions
Geoffrey Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales
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Dante’s Divine Comedy
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English
Italian
Began to compete with
Latin
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Eventually replaced it
Canterbury Tales in the
Vernacular
Here bygynneth the Book
of the tales of Caunterbury
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1: Whan that aprill with his shoures soote
2: The droghte of march hath perced to the
roote,
3: And bathed every veyne in swich licour
4: Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
5: Whan zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
6: Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
7: Tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
8: Hath in the ram his halve cours yronne,
9: And smale foweles maken melodye,
10: That slepen al the nyght with open ye
11: (so priketh hem nature in hir corages);
12: Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
13: And palmeres for to seken straunge
strondes,
14: To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
15: And specially from every shires ende
16: Of engelond to caunterbury they wende,
17: The hooly blisful martir for to seke,
Here Begins the Book of the Tales of
Canterbury
When April with his showers sweet with fruit
The drought of March has pierced unto the root
And bathed each vein with liquor that has power
To generate therein and sire the flower;
When Zephyr also has, with his sweet breath,
Quickened again, in every holt and heath,
The tender shoots and buds, and the young sun
Into the Ram one half his course has run,
And many little birds make melody
That sleep through all the night with open eye
(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,
To distant shrines well known in sundry lands.
And specially from every shire's end
Of England they to Canterbury wend,
The holy blessed martyr there to seek
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
Influenced by
classical Greece and
Rome
 Emphasized realism,
detail, perfection
 Religion got a lifelike
approach
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio
Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
Dome of the duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Fresco-painting done on
fresh, wet plaster with
water based paints
Figures had the illusion of
being three dimensional
Two major achievements
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Perspective
Moverment and human
anatomy
Architects were inspired
by the buildings of
ancient Rome (San
Lorenzo)
School of Athens by Raphael
Interior of
San Lorenzo by
Brunelleschi
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Mastery of techniques
for a realistic
portrayal of the world
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Da Vinci dissected
human bodies to study
anatomy
Move from painting
realistic forms to ideal
forms
Glorified the human
body
Pieta
By
Michelangelo
Rome, Italy
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Designed by Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Last
Judgement
By
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel
Rome, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Micelangelo
SCIENCE!
The Scientific Revolution
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Built upon writings of Greeks
and Romans (okay, we get it,
they REALLY liked those
guys!)
Developed scientific method
Challenged medieval
superstition and acceptance
of Aristotle’s theories
Reduced importance of
humans in universal scheme
(heliocentric orbit)
Considerable religious
opposition
Improved health and ability
to control environment
Firm foundation for modern
scientific advances
Science-y
Guys
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Copernicus
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Versalius:
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Blood, not air, circulates in the veins
Boyle:
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Planets follow elliptical orbit (not circular)
Harvey:
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astronomer and physicist, improved telescope,
proved Copernicus’
Kepler:
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philosopher, popularized the scientific method
(some people think he’s actually Shakespeare)
Galileo:
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Disected human bodies, founded anatomy
Francis Bacon:
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Sun is in center of solar system and earth is
one of several planets orbiting the sun
discovered law of gases, fundamental to
modern chemistry
Newton:
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invented calculus, laws of motion, laws of
gravity