Transcript C, H, and O

Atoms in a carbohydrate:
Carbohydrate
C, H, and O
Function 1 of a carbohydrate:
Main source of energy
Function 2 of a carbohydrate:
Give structure to plants (stems, wood, etc.)
Monomer of a carbohydrate:
+
Monosaccharide
Example of a monosaccharide:
Glucose
Polymer of a carbohydrate:
+
Polysaccharide
Atoms in a lipid:
Mostly C and H
Function 1 of a lipid:
Store energy (ex: hibernating bear)
Function 2 of a lipid:
Cell membrane
Function 3 of a lipid:
Waterproof covering (ex: waxy leaves)
Atoms in a nucleic acid:
C, H, O, N and P
Function 1 of a nucleic acid:
Store and transmit genetic information to offspring
Monomer of a nucleic acid:
Nucleotide
Polymer of a nucleic acid:
Nucleic acid
Atoms in a protein:
C, H, O, and N
Function 1 of a protein:
Form bone and muscle
Function 2 of a protein:
enzyme
Starch polymer
Chemical
reaction
(breakdown of
starch)
Glucose monomers
Speed up chemical reactions (ex: breakdown of starch into
glucose)
Function 3 of a protein:
Fight disease
Monomer of a protein:
Amino Acid
Polymer of a protein:
Protein
What does cellulose do?
Gives structure to plants.
Describe what happens to bonds during chemical reactions.
C
C
O
C
C
C
C
O
Bonds change.
Old bonds break, new bonds form.
How is it possible to make so many different
enzymes?
different
combine in different ways.
can
Explain why starch does not spontaneously break down into
glucose.
Glucose
Starch
The
is too high.
Match each reaction to its graph.
1. Burning glucose
2. Breaking down starch
Breaking down starch
B
Burning glucose
A
A
B
Graph 1
Absorbs
Graph 2
Releases
Classify each reaction as having either high activation energy
or low activation energy.
Breaking down starch
Burning glucose
High Activation
Energy
Low Activation
Energy
Classify each reaction as either spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous = easy to start
Breaking down starch
Burning glucose
High Activation
Energy
Low Activation
Energy
Non-spontaneous
Spontaneous
What is an organic compound?
A. A molecule made from different types of atoms
B. A molecule made only from carbon atoms
C. A molecule made from carbon atoms and other
atoms
D. A molecule that only exists in living things
Why is carbon an unusual atom?
I. It can bond with many other atoms YES
II. It can bond with other carbon atoms YES
III. It only exists in living things NO!
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II, and III
Why is carbon useful ?
A. It is organic
B. It can bond with
other carbon atoms
C. It can be used to
build many different
organic molecules
D. It can bond with
many other atoms
In the process of polymerization,
A. Polymers are broken down into monomers
B. Monomers join together to form polymers
C. Atoms join together to form molecules
D. None of the above.
POLYMERIZATION =
MAKING POLYMERS
Which of the following molecules is a nucleic acid/protein?
Protein: C, H, O, N
Nucleic acid: C, H, O, N, P
Which two organic compounds are used to store energy?
A. protein and lipid
B. glucose and starch
C. starch and lipid
D. DNA and RNA
Function 1 of a lipid: store
energy (ex: hibernating bear)
Plants (such as potatoes) store
extra glucose as starch
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
Poly = many
A. starch YES
B. glucose NO
C. cellulose YES
D. A and C are both polysacchrides
+
How is cellulose used by plants?
A. To store energy
B. To store and transmit genetic information
C. To provide structure
D. To form a waterproof covering
How is starch used by plants?
A. To store energy
B. To store and transmit genetic information
C. To provide structure
D. To form a waterproof covering
Plants (such as potatoes) store extra glucose as starch
Which statement is true?
Poly = many
A. Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides. NO
B. Glycerol is made of fatty acids. ?
C. DNA molecules are made of nucleotides.
D. Amino acids are made of proteins. NO (reversed)
Nucleotide
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
A. store and transmit genetic information
B. help to fight disease NO
C. control the rate of reactions NO
D. Form bones and muscles NO
Many nucleotides make up a nucleic acid. Many amino
acids make up a protein. Which is the monomer?
A. cellulose POLYMER
B. protein POLYMER
C. amino acid
D. nucleic acid POLYMER
Which of the following is NOT a function of a lipid?
A. forming waterproof coverings NO
B. storing energy NO
C. giving structure to plants
D. forming cell membranes NO
How is it possible to make so many different enzymes?
Protein
A. Many different enzymes must be made to catalyze
different reactions.
B. Many different enzymes can be made by
combining 20 different nucleic acids.
C. Many different enzymes can be made by
combining 20 different amino acids.
D. Many different proteins must be made to
form different bones and muscles.
What happens to chemical bonds during chemical
reactions?
A. They break and release energy.
B. The form and absorb energy.
C. They either break or form, depending on the
reaction.
D. They are either absorbed or released.
BONDS BREAK
BONDS FORM
Burning glucose in our bodies
(combining glucose with
oxygen) is an example of a(n):
A. non-spontaneous
reaction.
B. reaction with high
activation energy.
C. energy-absorbing
reaction.
D. energy-releasing
reaction.
Energy
O
O
Which reaction is shown by the graph below?
ENERGY ABSORBED
DURING REACTION
A. Burning glucose NO (energy released)
B. Glow stick NO (energy released)
C. Cold pack
D. None of the above
Which of the following statements is true about the graphs
below?
Reaction 1
Reaction 2
A. Reaction 1 is spontaneous, while reaction 2 is nonspontaneous. NO
B. Reaction 1 is energy-releasing, while reaction 2 is
energy-absorbing. NO
C. Reaction 1 is spontaneous, while reaction 2 will not
occur without the help of an enzyme. NO
D. Reaction 1 represents the cold pack, while
reaction 2 represents the glow stick.
Why doesn’t starch spontaneously break down into glucose
monomers?
A. The reaction will not occur without an enzyme.
B. The reaction is too slow to occur
spontaneously.
C. The reaction requires an input of activation energy.
D. The activation energy of the reaction is too high.
Glucose
Starch
How do enzymes make the starch-breakdown reaction
possible?
A. By providing activation energy. NO!
B. By increasing the temperature of the reaction to
98.6 degrees.
C. By lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
D. By breaking down polymers into monomers.
Glucose
Starch
At high temperatures, the rate of enzyme action decreases
Protein
because the increased heat
A. changes the pH of the system
B. increases the concentration of the enzyme
C. neutralizes the acids and bases in the system
D. alters the shape of the enzyme
High
temperature
Enzyme can no
longer fit with
substrate
Enzymes influence chemical reactions in living things by
?
A. providing the substrate required for the reaction to
occur.
B. providing the activation energy required for the
reaction to occur.
?C. absorbing water released when polymers are
formed.
D. affecting the rate at which reactions occur.
Rate = speed
The "lock and key hypothesis" attempts to explain
A. enzyme specificity
?
B. how enzymes are able to “unlock” any chemical
reaction
C. how bonds form between certain atoms to form
compounds
D. how monomers fit together perfectly to form polymers
Any molecule that is acted upon by an enzyme is called
a(n)
A.
B.
C.
D.
substrate
chemical reaction
starch molecule
substance
Which group of organic compounds includes enzymes?
A. carbohydrates
B. nucleic acids
C. proteins
D. lipids