Transcript Name of Group Full Structure Simplified Notation

2.1 Molecules
What does ‘organic’ mean?
• In Biology, organic means containing the
element carbon
– Exception: carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds which
allows it to form stable compounds.
Carbon containing compounds:
building blocks of life
Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids
Nucleic acids
The most frequently occurring elements in living
things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Functional groups you need to
know
Name of Group
Hydroxyl
Full Structure
−O−H
Simplified Notation
−OH
Amine
− NH2
Carboxyl
−COOH
Methyl
−CH3
Draw the following molecules
*see following slides
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Ribose
Glucose
Saturated fatty acids
Amino acids
Glycerol
Ribose
• The formula is C5H10O5
• The molecule is a five-membered
ring w/ a side chain
• Four carbon atoms are in the ring
and one forms the side chain
• The carbon atoms can be
numbered starting with number 1
on the right
• The hydroxyl groups –OH) on
carbon atoms 1, 2, and 3 point
up, down and down respectively.
Glucose
• The formula is C6H12O6
• The molecule is a six-membered
ring w/ a side chain
• Five carbon atoms are in the ring
and one forms the side chain
• The carbon atoms can be
numbered starting with number 1
on the right
• The hydroxyl groups –OH) on
carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, and 4 point
down, down, up and down
respectively.
Saturated fatty acids
• The carbon atoms form an
unbranched chain.
• In saturated fatty acids carbons
are bonded to each other by
single bonds
• The number of carbon atoms is
most commonly between 14-20
• At one end of the chain the
carbon atom is part of a carboxyl
group.
• At the other end the carbon atom
is bonded to three hydrogen
atoms
• All other carbon atoms are
bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
Amino Acid
• A carbon atom in the center of
the molecule is bonded to four
different things
• An amine group
• The carboxyl group which makes
the molecule an acid
• A hydrogen atom
• The R group, which is the variable
part of amino acids
Glycerol
• Three carbon atoms connected
with single bonds
• One hydroxyl group connected to
each carbon
Quiz yourself on the following slide
Answers
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(a) is glucose
(b) is an amino acid
(c) is glycerol
(d) is ribose
Quiz yourself on the following slide
Answers
(d) is an amino acid
Quiz yourself on the following slide
Answers
(i) II
(ii) I
(iii) IV
The two molecules that are the most similar are
II and III. The are both carbohydrates. They are
both formed with a ring structure. They both
contain multiple hydroxyl groups.
Identify the following as: carbohydrates,
lipids, or amino acids
Identify the following as: carbohydrates,
lipids, or amino acids
Nature of Science
1) What is the theory of vitalism?
2) Why did the successful synthesis of urea in
the laboratory disprove the theory of
vitalism?
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