Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Anatomy From Now to Eternity

Anatomy From Now to Eternity
Forebrain
Diencephalon
hypothalamus
thalamus
Telencephalon
limbic system
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system
body temperature
circadian rhythms
blood pressure
controls the endocrine system
hormones produced by hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland
controls hormonal release
Hypothalamus
Organizes behaviour related to survival of
the species - the so-called four F’s:
•Fighting
•Feeding
•Fleeing
•Mating
Thalamus
Composed of numerous nuclei
Gateway to the cortex
all sensory info except olfactory
controlling general excitability of the
cortex
attention/blocking info during sleep
Limbic System
Hippocampus
learning and memory
spatial navigation
Amygdala
emotional memories
classical learning
associating environmental stimuli with emotion (fear)
interpreting emotions conveyed by facial expressions
Basal Ganglia
Consists of
caudate nucleus,
putamen and
globus pallidus
input from cerebral cortex
project to motor centers of brainstem
planning and producing movement
Frontal Lobe
Primary motor cortex
contralateral connects to muscles in different
parts of the body
Motor Association cortex
planning movements
* Prefrontal cortex
* Dorsolateral cortex
* Orbitofrontal cortex
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex
info from skin
touch
temperature
pressure
possibly pain (phantom limb)
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex
info from skin
touch
temperature
pressure
possibly pain (phantom limb)
posterior parietal lobe
visually guided movements
hemineglect
Temporal Lobes
Primary auditory cortex
auditory comprehension
left hemisphere - language
right hemisphere - sounds, melodies, noises
Occipital Lobes
Primary visual cortex
visual association cortex
pathway from visual to parietal cortex
visually guided movements
pathway from visual to temporal cortex
object recognition
Cerebral Asymmetry
http://synapses.mcg.edu/anatomy/chemical/sv.htm
Kandel, E. et. al. (2000)
Axon of Cell #1
(presynaptic)
Dendrite of Cell #2
Synaptic cleft
(postsynaptic)
Gazzaniga & Heatherton (2003)
Genetics and Biological Foundations
Genetic Basis
Neuronal Action
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters
Monoamines
Amino Acids
Hormones
Peptides
Monoamines
“major functions are to regulate states of
arousal and affect (feelings) and to
motivate behaviour”
four monoamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine &
serotonin
Dopamine (DA)
main transmitter of reward
involved in motor control and planning
may play huge role in addictions
cocaine blocks DA reuptake
DA in synaptic cleft for longer
therefore, binds with more receptors
if in the synaptic cleft for longer, activates
more receptors
heightened feeling of pleasure
Serotonin
Emotional states
impulse control
dreaming
low levels
sadness and anxiety
agression
food cravings
Serotonin
Drugs that block serotonin reuptake (so
that serotonin remains in the system for
longer) used to treat:
depression
obsessive-compulsive disorders
eating disorders
obesity