Transcript Identifying Macronutrients

NUTRIENTS
Nutrients
• Macro-nutrients
— Protein
— Fat
— Carbohydrates
• Micro-nutrients
— Vitamins
— Minerals & trace-elements
• Water
• macronutrients : required in relatively large amounts
"big six": carbon , hydrogen , oxygen ,
nitrogen , phosphorous,sulfur
other macronutrients:
potassium , calcium , iron , magnesium
• micronutrients : required in very small amounts, (but
still necessary)
boron (green plants)
copper (some enzymes)
molybdenum (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
What are Macronutrients?
Carbohydrates (CHO)
Protein (PRO)
Fat
Carbohydrates
What are they?
Two types of carbohydrates
• Simple
• Complex
Carbohydrates…
• are made into simple sugars
• simple sugars supply energy for brain
activity.
Carbohydrates
Too Much/Too Little
• When we eat too many carbohydrates our
bodies turn them into fat & the fat becomes
stored energy.
• Low CHO diets stress the
body causing it to break
down muscle, fat and
protein to make fuel for the
brain.
Where do we get
carbohydrates?
Simple Carbohydrates:
•
•
•
•
Hard Candy
Pastries
Table Sugar
Honey
Sources of
Carbohydrates
• Complex Carbohydrates:
– Grain Products
• Breads
• Rice
• Pasta
– Vegetables
• Squash
• Potatoes
• Corn
–
–
–
–
Dry Beans
Peas
Lentils
Some Fruits
• Banana
• Plantain
Protein
• Your body is made of protein.
• Protein is made of amino acids, which are
like building blocks.
=
Amino Acids
Your body arranges amino acids to
build the different proteins it needs.
Protein Functions
• Helps build muscles, blood, skin, hair,
nails, and internal organs.
• Helps the body grow & repair itself
• Helps fight disease.
Too Much Protein...
may mean too much fat. Over a long
period, this can increase risk of
– heart disease
– diabetes
– and some types of cancer.
Too Much Protein…
may cause calcium loss.
No calcium in
the diet?
=
Too Much Protein...
• Means less carbohydrate intake to fuel
muscles.
• Your brain and eyes need a minimum of 100
grams of carbohydrates per day to work.
• may overwork kidneys & lead to poor
kidney function.
Protein Sources
• Animal Sources:
(Complete Proteins)
–
–
–
–
–
Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Dairy Products
• Plant Sources:
(Incomplete Proteins)
–
–
–
–
Dry Beans
Peas
Nuts
Tofu
• Grain Products
Fats give food…
flavor, texture and makes
a person feel full.
Fat…
• Promotes healthy skin and normal
growth.
• A part of cellular membranes.
Functions of Fat
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protects vital organs
Provides kcal/energy to the body
Aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Recommend limiting 30% of kcal from fat
Fat has 9 kcal per gram
Provides a source of essential fatty acid
Types of Fat
Two types of fat:
Fat
Fat
• Saturated Fat
- solid at room temperature
- too much clogs blood vessels
• Unsaturated Fat
- liquid at room temperature
- helps maintain health of blood vessels
Too Much Fat...
• Risk of…
–
–
–
–
–
–
Heart Disease
Diabetes
Hypertension (HTN)
Obesity
Various forms of cancer
Stroke
Fat
3,500 calories
equals one
pound of body
fat
3,500 cal.
= 1 lb.
Sources of Fat
• Saturated Fats:
–
–
–
–
–
Butter
Stick Margarine
Meat fat
Poultry fat
Dairy Products
• Unsaturated Fats:
–
–
–
–
Vegetable oils
Nuts
Olives
Avocados
The carbon cycle
• Usually thought of as four major reservoirs of carbon (the
atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere - which includes
freshwater systems and non-living organic material, such as
soil carbon -, the oceans with dissolved inorganic carbon and
living and non-living marine biota, and the sediments which
includes fossil fuels) interconnected by pathways of
exchange.
• The exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various
chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The
ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near the
surface of the Earth, but the deep ocean part of this pool does
not rapidly exchange with the atmosphere.
• The global carbon budget is the balance of the exchanges
(incomes and losses) of carbon between the carbon
reservoirs or between one specific loop (e.g., atmosphere biosphere) of the carbon cycle.
IN THE OCEAN:
• The seas contain around 36000 Gt of carbon, mostly in the
form of bicarbonate ion. Inorganic carbon, that is carbon
compounds with no carbon-carbon or carbonhydrogen
bonds, is important in its reactions within water. This
carbon exchange becomes important in controlling pH in
the ocean and can also vary as a source or sink for carbon.
• Carbon is readily exchanged between the atmosphere and
ocean. In regions of oceanic upwelling, carbon is released
to the atmosphere. Conversely, regions of downwelling
transfer carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere to the ocean.
When CO2 enters the ocean, carbonic acid is formed:
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3
• This reaction achieves a chemical equilibrium. Another
reaction important in controlling oceanic pH levels is the
release of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. This reaction
controls large changes in pH:
H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3−
Important Metabolic
Terms
Oxygen tolerance/usage:
aerobic – requires or can use oxygen (O2)
anaerobic – does not require or cannot tolerate O2
Energy usage:
autotroph – uses CO2 as a carbon source
• photoautotroph – uses light as an energy source
heterotroph – requires an organic carbon source
• chemoheterotroph – gets energy & carbon from
organic molecules
• chemoautotroph – gets energy from inorganic mol.
... More important terms
Facultative vs Obligate:
facultative – “able to, but not requiring”
e.g. : facultative anaerobes – can survive w/ or w/o O2
obligate – “absolutely requires”
e.g. :
obligate anaerobes – cannot tolerate O2
obligate intracellular parasite – can only survive
within a host cell
The N cycle
The N cycle over land
• Nitrogen is essential to all living systems: Eighty percent of
Earth's atmosphere is made up of nitrogen in its gas phase.
• Atmospheric nitrogen becomes part of living organisms in
two ways:
1. through bacteria in the soil that form nitrates out of nitrogen
in the air.
2. through lightning. During electrical storms, large amounts of
nitrogen are oxidized and united with water to produce an
acid that falls to Earth in rainfall and deposits nitrates in the
soil.
• Plants take up the nitrates and convert them to proteins that
travel up the food chain through herbivores and carnivores.
• When organisms excrete waste, the nitrogen is
released back into the environment. When they die
and decompose, the nitrogen is broken down and
converted to ammonia.
• Nitrates may also be converted to gaseous
nitrogen through a process called denitrification
and returned to the atmosphere, continuing the
cycle.
• Human impacts:
1. by artificial nitrogen fertilization (through the Haber Process, using
energy from fossil fuels to convert N2 to ammonia gas (NH3) and
planting of nitrogen fixing crops (Vitousek et al., 1997).
2. transfer of nitrogen trace gases (N2O) to the atmosphere via agricultural
fertilization, biomass burning, cattle and feedlots, and other industrial
sources (Chapin et al. 2002). N2O in the stratosphere breaks down and
acts as a catalyst in the destruction of atmospheric ozone.
3. NH3 in the atmosphere has tripled as the result of human activities. It
acts as an aerosol, decreasing air quality and clinging on to water
droplets (acid rain).
4. Fossil fuel combustion has contributed to a 6 or 7 fold increase in
NOx flux to the atmosphere. NO alters atmospheric chemistry, and is
a precursor of tropospheric (lower atmosphere) ozone production,
which contributes to smog, acid rain, and increases nitrogen inputs to
ecosystems (Smil, 2000).
5. Ecosystem processes can increase with nitrogen fertilization, but
anthropogenic input can also result in nitrogen saturation, which
weakens productivity and can kill plants (Vitousek et al., 1997) →
algae blooms.
6. Decreases in biodiversity both over land and in the ocean can result if
higher nitrogen availability increases nitrogen-demanding species
(Aerts and Berendse 1988).
The Oxygen cycle
• Plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water
into carbohydrates and oxygen via photosynthesis.
106 CO2 + 16 HNO3 + H3PO4 +78 H2O ↔ C106H175O42N16P + 150 O2
• Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas
as well as the phytoplankton of the oceans.
• The tiny marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus was discovered in
1986 and accounts for more than half of the photosynthesis of the
open ocean.
• Animals form the other half of the oxygen cycle breathing in oxygen
used to break carbohydrates down into energy in a process called
respiration.
O2 + carbohydrates → CO2 + H2O + energy
The P cycle
•
The phosphorus cycle describes the movement of phosphorus
through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The
atmosphere does not play a significant role, because phosphorus
and phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids at the
typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth.
• Phosphorus normally occurs in nature as part of a phosphate
ion, consisting of a phosphorus atom and some number of
oxygen atoms, the most abundant form (called orthophosphate)
having four oxygens: PO43-.
• Most phosphates are found as salts in ocean sediments or in rocks.
Over time, geologic processes can bring ocean sediments to land,
and weathering will carry terrestrial phosphates back to the ocean.
• Plants absorb phosphates from the soil and phosphate enters the
food chain. After death, the animal or plant decays, and the
phosphates are returned to the soil. Runoff may carry them back to
the ocean or they may be reincorporated into rock.
• Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; however, the
processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow,
making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest
biogeochemical cycles.
• The primary biological importance of phosphates is
as a component of nucleotides, which serve as
energy storage within cells (ATP) or when linked
together, form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
Phosphorus is also found in bones, and in
phospholipids (found in all biological membranes).
Role(s) of essential mineral “macronutrient” elements in plants.
Element
Role(s) in plant (not all inclusive)
N
Constituent of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA),
nucleotides and coenzymes.
P
Component of sugar phosphates, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA),
nucleotides, coenzymes, phospholipids, phytic acid, ATP, ADP, AMP.
K Enzyme activator for over 40 enzymes, osmotic regulator, maintains
electrical neutrality.
Ca Constituent of the middle lamella of cell walls. Required to activate some
enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of ATP and phospholipids.
Mg Constituent of the chlorophyll molecule. Indirectly involved in phosphate
transfer.
S Component of S-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine and thus
many proteins/enzymes.
Micronutrients (trace elements)
• Zinc*
• Iron
• Chloride*
• Copper
• Molybdenum*
• Manganese
• Boron*
• Cobalt
• Nickel
*documented responses in inland northwest dryland field crops
Zinc (Zn)
• Required for many enzymes
involved in photosynthesis and
reproduction of genetic material
(DNA) during cell division
• Deficiency symptoms:
stunted plants; little leaf
syndrome, yellowing on
younger leaves
Iron (Fe)
• Central role in chlorophyll
production, photosynthesis,
energy transfer within plant
• Deficiency symptoms:
general yellowing or
interveinal chlorosis (green
veins, yellow between
veins) on younger leaves
Copper (Cu)
• Important for energy transfer,
photosynthesis, resistance to
certain diseases
• Deficiency symptoms: decreased
nodulation and N fixation by
legumes, “white tip” disorder in
cereals
Manganese (Mn)
• Important for energy
transfer, photosynthesis
reactions
• Deficiency symptoms:
greenish-grey spots or flecks
on lower leaves; chlorosis
Chlorine/chloride (Cl)
•
Roles in disease resistance,
stem
strength,water
relations/drought tolerance
•
Deficiency symptoms:
lodging,
leaf
spot
syndrome (more important
for cereals than legumes)
Molybdenum (Mo)
• Important in the activation
of enzymes involved in
nitrogen fixation by
legumes and nitrate
reduction in non-legumes
• Deficiency symptoms:
general yellowing, small
plants; similar to nitrogen
deficiency (more important
for legumes than cereals)
Boron (B)
• Important in sugar transport, cell
wall properties that influence
cell growth or expansion
• Deficiency symptoms: stunted
plants, dead or misshapen young
leaves, red coloration, sterile
flowers, bud and/or fruit drop
(more important for legumes
than cereals)
Role(s) of essential mineral “micronutrient” elements in plants.
Element
Role(s) in plant (not all inclusive)
Fe Component of cytochromes and non-heme iron proteins involved in
photosynthesis, N2 fixation and respiration.
Mn Required for the photosynthetic evolution of O2 (splitting of H2O).
Required to activate many dehydrogenases, decarboxylases, kinases,
oxidases, and peroxidases.
Cu Essential component of ascorbic oxidase, tyrosinase, monoamine oxidase,
uricase, and cytochrome oxidase.
Zn Essential constituent of alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase,
carbonic anhydrase, and other enzymes.
B
Forms complexes with some CHO’s* and there is indirect evidence for
involvement in CHO transport.
Mo A constituent of nitrate reductase. Essential for N2 fixation.
Ni Essential for the function of urease and N nutrition in general.
Cl Required for the photosynthetic reactions involved in O2 evolution.
Growth medium
A growth medium or
culture medium is a liquid
or gel designed to support
the growth of
microorganisms or cells, or
small plants like the moss
Physcomitrella patens.
There are different types of
media for growing different
types of cells.
An Agar Plate -- an example of a
bacterial growth medium. Specifically, it
is a streak plate; the orange lines and
dots are formed by bacterial colonies.
Questions
References
 Michael L. Shuler and Fikret Kargı,
Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (2 nd
Edition),Prentice Hall, New York, 2002.
 1. James E. Bailey and David F. Ollis,
Biochemical Engineering Fundementals (2 nd
Edition), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.
• www.oluakinkugbechildnutritioncentre.com/presen
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• http://www.foodafactoflife.org.uk/attachments/a8e
6ca04-451f-49843320f03e.ppt#362,22,Over
consumption of fat
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