Transcript The Chem. of Carbon

Chapter
The Chemistry of Life
Carbon Compounds
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The Chemistry of Carbon
• Carbon
– 4 Valence Electrons
– Bonds with
• Hydrogen, Oxygen,
• Phosphorus, Sulfur,
• Nitrogen
• Other Carbon Atoms
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The Chemistry of Carbon
Methane:
Single Bonds
Acetylene:
Triple Bonds
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The Chemistry of Carbon
Butadiene:
Double Bonds
Benzene:
Ring Bonding
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The Chemistry of Carbon
• Covalent Bonds of Carbon
–May Be: Single, Double, or Triple
–But Always a Total of Four (4) Bonds
• No Other Element is so versatile.
– Millions of Different Structures
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Macromolecules
• Means “Giant Molecules”
• Each Macromolecule Is Constructed of
Thousands to Hundreds of Thousands of
Smaller Molecules Called Monomers.
monomer + monomer + monomer………. = Macromolecule
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Macromolecules
• Monomers Are The Basic Building Block
(Smallest Unit) of Any Macromolecule
Monomer
Macromolecule
(Polymer)
Glucose
Starch & Cellulose
Nucleotides
DNA & RNA
Amino Acids
Proteins
• Monomers Combine And Become
Polymers Through Polymerization
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Groups of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
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Carbohydrates = Sugars
•
•
•
•
C:H:O in ratio of 1:2:1
Main source of energy for life
Cellulose = Structural Polymer in Plants
Starches = Storage Polymer in Plants
– Fats = Storage Polymer in Animals
• Mono & Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates
Key Concept:
1. Living Things Use Carbohydrates As Their Main
Source of Energy!
2. Plants and some Animals Use Carbohydrates For
Structural Purposes:
• e.g. Cellulose
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Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Single Sugars
Glucose (Universal)
Galactose (Milk)
Fructose (Fruits)
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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Poly
means
Many
Saccharide
means
Sugar
Glycogen (Animals)
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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch (Plants)
Cellulose (Plants)
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Carbohydrates - Disaccharides
Sucrose:
Maltose:
Lactose:
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Lipids (fats)
Key Concept:
–Lipids Can Be Used To Store
Energy.
–Lipids Are Important Parts Of
Biological Membranes And
Waterproof Coverings
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Lipids (fats)
• Made Mostly of Carbon & Hydrogen
• Not Water Soluble
• Categories of Lipids Include:
– Fats
– Oils
– Waxes
– Steroids
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Lipids (fats)
• Saturated Fats
– Each Carbon Atom In The Fatty Acid Chain Is
Joined To Another Carbon By A Single Bond
– That Means The Macromolecule Contains The
Maximum Number of Hydrogens
– Solid At Room Temperature
– Butter, Margarine, Lard, Shortening, etc.
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Lipids (saturated fat)
• Formed from Glycerol & Fatty Acids
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Lipids (fats)
• Unsaturated Fats
– One Or More Carbon to Carbon Bond(‘s) Is/Are
Multiply Bonded
– These Lipids Are Liquid At Room Temperature
– Olive Oil, Peanut Oil, Other Cooking Oils
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Lipids (unsaturated fat)
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Nucleic Acids
• Macromolecules with C, H, O, N; P
• Monomer
• Polymers
= Nucleotide
= Nucleic Acids
5 Carbon Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base
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5 Carbon Sugars
• RNA
–Ribonucleic Acid
• DNA
–Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
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5 Carbon Sugars
DNA
Deoxyribose Sugar
RNA
Ribose Sugar
The Only
Difference
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Nucleic Acids
Key Concept:
Nucleic Acids Store & Transmit
Hereditary or Genetic Information
Every Life Form Uses The Same
Nucleic Acids
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Proteins
• Macromolecules with C, H, O, N
• Monomer
= Amino Acid
• Polymer
= Protein
– Compounds with an Amino Group (NH2) and a
Carboxyl Group (-COOH) on the other end
• This Allows bonding between any amino acid
– 20 AA’s in nature
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Amino Acid “R” Groups
Each Amino Acid Is Different in the
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-Group
Amino Acid “R” Groups
• Some Polar, some Non-Polar
• Some Acidic, some Basic
• Some contain Carbon Rings
Amino Acid
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Proteins
Key Concept:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Proteins Control the rate of reactions
Proteins Regulate Cellular Processes
Proteins Form Bones & Muscles
Proteins Transport Substances In/Out of Cells
Proteins Fight disease
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Levels of Organization
1. Sequence of Amino Acids
2. Amino Acid Twists & Folds
Within Chain
3. Twists & Folds of Chain Itself
4. Multiple Protein Chains May
Be Necessary To Make An
Active Protein
Protein Shape Is Critical To Function
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Hemoglobin
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