Transcript Heredity & Human Affairs

Heredity & Human Affairs
(MSE-2000-020)
Summer 2013
FINAL LAB PRACTICAL EXAM REVIEW
1
Lab Topics:
1. Drosophila (sexing, life cycles, mutations,
matings, P1 F1 F2)
2. Human Inherited Traits
3. Karyotyping
4. DNA, RNA, Proteins
5. Human Genome Project
6. Enzymes: Salivary Amylase
7. Sea Urchin Reproduction & Development
8. Cloning / Transformations/ Plasmids
9. Chi-Square Analysis
10.DNA Fingerprinting
2
QUESTION…
Name the structures shown here which are
only found on the forelimbs of MALE fruit
flies
Correct Answer:
Sex combs
3
QUESTION…
Does this slide show normal blood or
sickle-cell anemia?
Correct Answer:
Sickle-Cell
Anemia
4
QUESTION…
How many chromosomes do flies have?
Correct Answer:
8
5
QUESTION…
A pictorial representation of chromosomes
arranged in pairs and organized by size is
termed a ____________________.
Correct Answer:
Karyotype
Bonus:
What stage of Mitosis are these chromosomes most
visible?
Correct Answer:
Metaphase
6
QUESTION…
The process in which RNA is synthesized
from a template strand of DNA is called
_______________ and occurs in the
______________ part of cell.
DNA
RNA
Correct Answer:
Transcription,
Nucleus
7
QUESTION…
Which test tube is positive for starch?
1
2
3
Correct Answer:
#3
8
QUESTION…
The process of inserting a new gene into a
DNA molecule is called
_____________.
Correct Answer:
Cloning
9
QUESTION…
What is a VNTR?
Correct Answer:
Variable Number
of Tandem
Repeats…
10
QUESTION…
Name this stage of early development:
Correct Answer:
Fertilization!
(note presence of fertilization
membrane)
11
QUESTION…
Approximately
how many genes
are in a single
cell?
Correct Answer:
~ 30,000
12
QUESTION…
Give the genotype of a PTC taster.
Correct Answer:
T?
(TT & Tt)
13
QUESTION…
Is this fly MALE or FEMALE?
Correct Answer:
Female
14
QUESTION…
Which antigen is present?
Correct Answer:
Antigen A
15
QUESTION…
Name the stage of the life cycle shown.
Correct Answer:
Larva(e)
16
QUESTION… Name the disorder.
Bonus: Is this person
Correct Answer:
a male or a female?
Klinefelter’s
Correct Answer:
Syndrome
Male
17
QUESTION…
The double-stranded
DNA helical molecule
is held together by
weak / strong
__________ bonds.
Correct Answer:
Weak,
Hydrogen
18
QUESTION…
The process in which RNA is
converted into an amino acid is
called _______________ and occurs
in the ______________ part of cell.
RNA
Correct Answer:
Translation,
Cytoplasm
Amino
Acid
19
QUESTION…
SUBSTRATE
ENZYME
MALTOSE
Name the digestive enzyme responsible for
catalyzing this reaction.
Correct Answer:
Salivary Amylase
20
QUESTION…
What is the term used for the doublestranded circular DNA shown here?
Correct Answer:
Plasmid
21
QUESTION…
DNA samples are loaded into a
gel matrix and subjected to
an electric current in a
technique called _______
_______ ___________.
Correct Answer:
Agarose Gel
Electrophoresis
22
QUESTION…
Name this
stage of the life
cycle.
Correct Answer:
Pupa(e)
23
QUESTION…
Which trait shown here is a dominant trait?
Correct Answer:
blue eyes
Widow’s peak
blonde hair
attached earlobes
24
QUESTION… Name the disorder.
Correct Answer:
Jacob’s Syndrome
Correct Answer:
Male
Bonus: Is this
person a male or
a female?
25
QUESTION…
Replicate the strand of DNA below. Give the
sequence of the complementary strand
formed.
DNA= A G C T G C
Correct Answer:
T C G A C G
26
QUESTION…
According to the graph below, what is the
optimal temperature for this enzyme?
Correct
Answer:
Enzyme Activity
40 oC
Rate of reaction (1000/sec)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature (0C)
27
QUESTION…
You flip a coin 400 times. You get 202 heads, and 198 tails. The
calculated chi-square value is 0.04.
• What is the probability associated with this chi-square?
• Should you accept or reject your hypothesis of a 1:1 ratio?
Correct Answer:
Probability ~ 85%
Accept
28
QUESTION…
Name the enzyme that is responsible for
winding & unwinding DNA.
Correct Answer:
Topoisomerase
29
QUESTION…
Name this stage of early development:
Correct Answer:
Gastrula(tion)
30
QUESTION…
The DNA runs from one end of the gel to the
other end when an electric current is applied.
This is due to the fact that DNA possesses a net
[POSITIVE / NEGATIVE] charge.
Correct Answer:
Negative
31
QUESTION…
One gene is
approximately
how long?
Explain your
answer.
Correct Answer:
Average is ~ 100,000
base pairs
(3 billion base pairs / 30,000 genes)
32
QUESTION…
Approximately what percentage (%) of the
United States population, cannot
taste the chemical PTC?
Correct Answer:
30%
33
QUESTION…
1. NAME this mutation.
2. Is it AUTOSOMAL or SEX-LINKED?
3. On what chromosome can this gene be found?
Correct Answer:
(1) White-eyed
(2) Sex-linked
(3) #1
34
QUESTION…
Graph A
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
7
Number of Individuals
Number of Individuals
Correct Answer:
Which graph represents Graph A
discontinuous variation?
6
Graph B
5
4
3
2
1
0
Height
Height
35
QUESTION…
What is this? Be specific.
Correct Answer:
Polytene
chromosome
from Drosophila
Correct Answer:
4 pairs
Bonus: How many pairs of chromosomes does this
organism possess?
36
QUESTION… What’s wrong?
Correct Answer:
3 X’s (polyploidy
at X, extra X)
Correct Answer:
female
Bonus: Is this
person a male or
a female?
37
QUESTION…
Name the bond that joins these
molecules together?
Correct Answer:
Peptide bond
(not polypeptide!)
38
QUESTION…
The bond that joins these two molecules
together is WEAK / STRONG.
Correct Answer:
Strong
39
QUESTION…
SUBSTRATE
ENZYME
MALTOSE
What happens to an enzyme’s structure at
very high temperatures such as 100oC?
Correct Answer:
Denatures
40
QUESTION…
(a) What does PCR stand for?
(b) What is the purpose of PCR?
Correct Answer:
Polymerase Chain
Reaction; Make many,
many copies of DNA
41
QUESTION…
Two genes were inserted into the pGREEN
circular DNA structure (shown below). Name
them.
Correct Answer:
AMPr
Correct Answer:
GFP
42
QUESTION…
Name the specific structure that covers the
head of this gamete.
Correct Answer:
Acrosome
43
QUESTION…
Approximately how many bases are in the
human genome? Correct Answer:
3 Billion
44
QUESTION…
Correct Answer:
(1) Apterous
1. NAME this mutation.
(2) Autosomal
2. Is it AUTOSOMAL or SEX-LINKED?
3. On what chromosome can this gene
be found?
(3) #2
45
QUESTION…
Blood type?
Correct Answer:
O+
46
QUESTION…
What is this? Be specific.
Correct Answer:
Human
Chromosomes,
Metaphase
Spread
Bonus: How many chromosomes does this organism
possess?
Correct Answer:
46
47
QUESTION… Name the disorder.
Correct Answer:
Turner’s
Syndrome (X0)
Correct Answer:
Female
Bonus: Is this
person a male or
a female?
48
QUESTION…
Crossing over events occur during
______________ of Mitosis / Meiosis.
Correct Answer:
Prophase I,
Meiosis
49
QUESTION…
On which chromosome
can the gene for
salivary amylase be
found?
Correct Answer:
#1
50
QUESTION…
In your F2 generation of flies, you count 54 red-eyed males, 50
white-eyed males, 54 red- eyed females, 50 white-eyed
females. Your X2 is 0.308 .
• What is the probability associated with this chi-square value?
• Do you accept or reject the hypothesis?
Correct Answer:
Probability ~95%
Accept
51
QUESTION…
Which plates show bacteria that have been
successfully transformed with pGREEN?
1
2
3
Correct Answer:
Plate #4 only
4
52
QUESTION…
Based on this gel, who committed the
crime?
Joe Funk
Evidence
Jaime Jamison
Correct Answer:
Jaime Jamison
53
QUESTION…
Name this stage of early development:
Correct Answer:
Blastula
54
QUESTION…
Humans have
__________ pairs of
homologous
chromosomes.
Be specific in your
answer!!!
Correct Answer:
Males – 22
homologous pairs
Females - 23
homologous pairs
55
QUESTION…
P1:
x
apterous (ap, ap)
wild (+, +)
You mate the flies above ultimately
Correct
Answer:
resulting in an
F2 generation
in which
there are 200 flies
How many will
150total.
winged
have wings?
(50 apterous)
56
QUESTION…
mRNA sequences are “read” in groups
of ____’s.
Correct Answer:
3
57
QUESTION…
Is this a Graafian Follicle or the Corpus Luteum?
Correct Answer:
Graafian Follicle
(a.k.a. mature follicle)
58
QUESTION…
During which stage of early embryonic
development do the cells begin to move
inward setting the stage for three germ layers
to form?
Correct Answer:
Gastrulation
59
QUESTION…
P1:
x
(Xw, Xw)
(X+, Y)
What proportion of males will have white
eyes in the F1 generation?
Correct Answer:
100% (all XwXw)
60
QUESTION…
Give the sequence of the RNA strand formed
from the DNA template shown below.
DNA= A G C T G C
Correct Answer:
U C G A C G
61
QUESTION…
What is produced (the by-product) when two
or more of these molecules are bonded?
Correct Answer:
H2O (water)
62
QUESTION…
Which numbered structure depicts the rupturing
of the follicle at the time of ovulation?
Correct Answer:
#4
63
Final Jeopardy Question 1
Name this structure. Be specific.
Correct Answer:
Ribonucleotide
(phosphate group, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar)
64
Final Jeopardy Question 2
The molecule shown below directs the
process of translation. Name it.
Correct Answer:
tRNA
65
Final Jeopardy Question 3
What part of the amino acid is responsible for
the reaction that forms a peptide bond? Give
the functional groups.
Correct Answer:
Carboxyl group(COOH),
Amino group (NH2)
66
More Questions….
Review these on your own! You may want
to review your graded lab quizzes and
refer to your lab manual/textbook for
additional help.
If you have any questions, please see us for
help
67
QUESTION…
Name the genus, pictured below, that you have
been working with in lab starting at the
beginning of the semester (common name:
“fruit fly”).
68
QUESTION…
What color eyes does a wild-type fruit fly
have?
What color eyes does an apterous fruit fly
have?
69
QUESTION…
Is this fly MALE or FEMALE?
70
QUESTION…
Name this
stage of the life
cycle.
71
QUESTION…
Name this
stage of the life
cycle.
72
QUESTION…
Name this
stage of the life
cycle.
73
QUESTION…
Give the genotype of the fly pictured
here.
74
QUESTION…
Give the genotype of the fly pictured
here.
75
QUESTION…
Give the genotype of the fly pictured
here.
76
QUESTION…
P1:
x
You mate the flies above resulting in an
“F1 generation”. What does the “F1”
generation stand for?
77
QUESTION…
P1:
x
You cross two wingless flies. What are
the expected genotypic & phenotypic
ratios of the F1 & F2 generations?
78
QUESTION…
How many pairs of chromosomes does this
organism possess?
Bonus: How many
of its
chromosomes are
autosomal?
79
QUESTION…
P1:
x
apterous (ap, ap)
wild (+, +)
What are the possible genotypes of
the F1 generation?
80
QUESTION…
P1:
x
You cross a red-eyed male with a whiteeyed female. Your F1 male offspring all
have white eyes, whereas all females
have red eyes. What can you predict
about the F2 generation?
81
QUESTION…
P1:
x
apterous (ap, ap)
wild (+, +)
•What is the genotypic ratio of the F2
generation?
•What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2
generation?
82
QUESTION…
P1:
x
You cross a homozygous wild-type male
with a homozgyous apterous female.
What are the expected genotypic &
phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation?
83
QUESTION…
Gametes produced by this individual will
have which sex chromosome(s)?
84
QUESTION…
Gametes produced by this individual will
have which sex chromosome(s)?
85
QUESTION…
P1:
x
(Xw, Xw)
(X+, Y)
What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2
generation?
86
QUESTION…
Does this slide show normal blood or
sickle-cell anemia?
87
QUESTION…
• Blood type?
88
QUESTION…
The two most common blood types
are ________ & _______.
89
QUESTION…
The two least common blood types
are _______ & _______.
90
QUESTION…
A person with blood type _____ is
considered a universal recipient.
91
QUESTION…
A person with blood type _____ is
considered a universal donor.
92
QUESTION…
Which graph suggests polygenic
inheritance?
7
Number of Individuals
Number of Individuals
Graph A
Graph B
6
12
10
5
8
4
6
3
4
2
2
1
0
0
Height
Height
93
QUESTION…
How many human chromosomes are
sex chromosomes?
94
QUESTION…
Name the sex chromosomes in a
normal human male.
95
QUESTION…
How many chromosomes does this organism
possess?
96
QUESTION…
Name the organism you used to obtain &
visualize these structures.
97
QUESTION…What’s this?
98
QUESTION… Name the disorder.
Bonus: Is this
person a male or
a female?
99
QUESTION…
What sex is this person?
100
QUESTION… Name the disorder
Bonus: Is this
person a male or
a female?
101
QUESTION…
“A”, “T”, “G”, & “C” are the
common bases found in a
DNA molecule. What does
each letter stand for?
102
QUESTION…
What organelle is primarily responsible
for housing DNA?
103
QUESTION…
What kinds of molecules are put
together to make a protein & what
holds them together?
104
QUESTION…
Name the structure shown.
105
QUESTION…
DNA
RNA
PROTEINS
Name the process indicated by the
“pink” arrow .
106
QUESTION…
DNA
RNA
PROTEINS
Name the process indicated by the
“green” arrow.
107
QUESTION…
Name the nitrogenous
bases which are
pyrimidines.
108
QUESTION…
Name the nitrogenous
bases which are
purines.
109
QUESTION…
Each nucleotide is
comprised of these
three components:
1.__________,
2. __________, &
3.__________.
110
QUESTION…
What accounts for the
variability in this
molecule?
111
QUESTION…
Single-stranded RNA
does not contain which
nitrogenous base that
is present in the
double-stranded DNA
molecule?
112
QUESTION…
The process in which RNA is synthesized
from a template strand of DNA is called
_______________.
“A”
113
QUESTION…
Translation occurs on these organelles
which are located in the cytoplasm of
a cell.
114
QUESTION…
The process in which mRNA is used to
synthesize an amino acid is called
_______________.
“A”
115
QUESTION…
Amino acids are joined to form larger
______________ chains.
116
QUESTION…
Explain the difference between an ALLELE
and a GENE.
117
QUESTION…
Name this molecule.
118
QUESTION…
The process shown here is called
_______________.
119
QUESTION…
The 5-Carbon sugar
molecule that makes up
DNA is called
_______________.
120
QUESTION…
Name the molecule formed when
these units are joined together.
Bonus: The process in which this molecule is formed
from RNA is called ____________________.
121
QUESTION…
The number of ADENINES in a molecule of DNA
always equals the number of ____________;
wheras the number of CYTOSINES in a
molecule of DNA always equals the number of
__________.
122
QUESTION…
Purine __________
always pairs with
Pyrimidine
___________.
123
QUESTION…
This molecule is synthesized in what
part of the cell?
124
QUESTION…
The molecule shown below aids in the
formation of a polypeptide. Where in the
cell is it located?
125
QUESTION…
What part of the a.a. is responsible for the
reaction that forms a peptide bond? Give the
functional groups.
126
QUESTION…
The blue & red pairs or pink & green pairs of
chromosomes shown here are called
_______________ chromosomes.
127
QUESTION…
What accounts for the variability in these
amino acids?
128
QUESTION…
The molecule shown below directs the process
of translation. Name it.
129
QUESTION…
An mRNA codon consists of how many
bases?
130
QUESTION…
Lugol’s Iodine tests for the presence of
what molecule?
131
QUESTION…
Which test tube probably contains mostly
maltose?
1
2
3
132
QUESTION…
According to the graph below, at what
temperature is this enzyme least active?
Enzyme Activity
Rate of reaction (1000/sec)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature (0C)
133
QUESTION…
According to the graph below, what is the
optimal pH for this enzyme?
Enzyme Activity
Rate of Reaction (1000/sec)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
pH
134
QUESTION…
The gene that is
responsible for coding
this enzyme is _______.
135
QUESTION…
The GFP gene comes from a bioluminescent
organism. Name this organism.
136
QUESTION…
How can you tell these E. coli have been
transformed?
137
QUESTION…
Name one protein product of human
interest that can be made by
genetically engineered bacteria cells.
138
QUESTION…
How can you tell this egg has been fertilized?
139
QUESTION…
Name the “condition” that results when
more than one sperm fertilizes an egg.
140
QUESTION…
Sea Urchins have internal / external
fertilization.
141
QUESTION…
Humans have internal / external fertilization.
142
QUESTION…
Name this stage of early development:
143
QUESTION…
Name this stage of early development:
144
QUESTION…
Name the gametes shown here:
145
QUESTION…
Name the gametes shown here:
146
QUESTION…
The structure that covers the head of this
gamete serves what purpose(s)?
147
QUESTION…
Is this a Graafian Follicle or the Corpus Luteum?
148
QUESTION…
Are sea urchin gametes haploid or diploid?
149
QUESTION…
Give the genotype of a PTC non-taster.
150
QUESTION…
In your F2 generation of Drosophila, you count 306 winged and 98 apterous flies.
What is the chi-square value? (please show your work)
What is the probability associated with this chi-square?
Should you accept or reject the hypothesis?
151
QUESTION…
In your F1 generation of fruit flies, you count 105 winged, 20 apterous flies.
What is the chi-square value? (please show your work)
What is the probability associated with this chi-square?
Should you accept or reject the hypothesis?
152
QUESTION…
About how many genes does the human genome
contain?
153
QUESTION…
A mutation is defined as a change in the
___________ sequence which leads to a
change in __________________ structure or
function.
154