Transcript 分子生物学（Molecular Biology） CAI教程

Lecture 02: Progress of Modern
Molecular Biology
The Basic Concepts of
Molecular Biology
DNA Double Helix model
Two basic properties
of the gene
1953 Watson & Crick
Self-replicating
Traits controlled by gene
DNA and protein as the core; biochemistry as the basic
Life systematic common
Biological personality
Generalized Molecular Biology
in the field of molecular biology
there are three basic principles
Three basic principles
★ Monomer constitute of macromolecules are the same
The common nucleic acid language
The common protein language
★ The central dogma of genetic expression is the same
DNA
RNA
polypeptides
protein
protein
★ macromolecular monomer sequences
(nucleotides and amino acids) are different
Higher Structure
character
Individuality
Interaction between
biological macromolecules
Three main fields of molecular biology
DNA-protein
Hormone-receptor
Enzyme-substrate
Narrow
molecular Biology
biology
Gene
Molecular
Applying molecular biology
Structural Biology
Gene Concept
Gene structure
Gene expression
Gene recombinant
Gene exchange
Gene engineering
Cell engineering
Enzyme engineering
Microbial engineering
Protein engineering
1st of the three supporting disciplines
1847, Schleiden & Schwann
•
All organisms made up of cells
•
The basic unit for all organizations is cells
• Cells are universal and permanent biological
rule
Cytology
Molecular Cell biology
Interactions between cells and molecules
2nd of the three supporting disciplines
Gene hypothesis
Genetics
Mendel in 1864
Molecular Genetics
Gene structure Gene duplication Gene expression
Gene recombination
Gene mutation
3rd of the three supporting disciplines
(1936, Sumner)
Enzyme → Protein
Biochemistry
Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Protein Chemistry
Progress of Molecular
Biology
For nearly half a century
Molecular biology major breakthrough and achievement
Nobel Prize
Milestone of biological development
1958 Joshua Lederberg (33y)
Phage transduction
Beadle & Tatum
One gene--one enzyme
Joshua Lederberg
1959
Severo Ochoa (54y)
Rich phosphate bonds
of ATP --- Energy
Arthur Kornberg (41y)
DNA replication
Isolation
DNA polymerase I
1962
James Watson (34y)
Francis Crick (46y)
Maurice Wilkins (46y)
DNA Double Helix model
1965
Francois Jacob (44y)
Jacques Monod (55y)
(French)
Lac. Operon Theory
Concept of mRNA
1968
R. Holley
H.G. Khorana
Robert Holley(46y)
M. Nirenberg
tRNAphe cloverleaf structure
H. Gobind Khorana(46y) How to synthesize triplet RNA
Marshall Nirenberg(41y)
Genetic coden
M. Delbruck
A. Hershey
1969
Max Delbruck (63y)
Alfred Hershey (61y)
Phage group
Phage infection cycle
DNA as genetic material
Howard Temin (41y)
David Baltimore (37y)
Reverse transcription
1975
1980
Walter Gilbert
Mechanism of protein synthesis
Isolation of Lac. Operon repressor
Paul Berg
 DNA + SV40 →
Recombination DNA
1983.
Barbara McClintock (86y)
DNA transposable element
1984 Kohler & Milstein
→ Monocloning antibody
1993 Roberts & Sharp
→ Splitting gene
1994 Gilman & Rodball
→ G-protein as a signal
molecular in cell
1995 Lewis & Nusslein-Volhard
→ Control gene of body
developing in Drosophila
Outlook of Molecular
Biology
The Leading Discipline of Natural
Sciences will Change Significantly
Physics
Biology
Popular Sayings
《Nature》14/21 editors work for biology
USA 2/3 agricultural increase due to biotech
Many good students choose to study life
sciences or biomedicine
A Popular Saying:
Mathematics has 1% unknown
Physics has 10% unknown
Chemistry has 30％ unknown
Biology has 70％ unknown
Challenges are
Opportunities
New hot spots in molecular biology
Clever Monkey
Genetically
Modified
Organisms
Premature
Aging Gene
Discovered
6y
20 y
Innate: Intelligence
Nimble
Personality: Patient
Ardor
Honest
Dependable
Cooperative
To be younger
and younger !