Transcript Pregnancy

Growth and development
From the time of conception (the implantation
of the fertilised egg) it takes about 9 months
or 40 weeks, to become a fully formed baby.
This progress involves:
a) Growth: the repeated division of the zygote
to provide the many cells that make up the
baby
b) Development: the organisation of the cells
into tissues and organs

Pregnancy is the period of
time between fertilisation
and birth, which in
humans is 9 month. This
period of time is called the
gestation period
 The developing fetus
needs a stable
environment which is
provided by the placenta

The placenta
After implantation, part of
the embryo grows into
finger-like projections or
villi that penetrate the
lining of the uterus.
 They are surrounded by
blood vessels which
supply nutrients and
oxygen that will continue
to grow to form the
placenta .

The placenta
The villi give the placenta a very large surface
area for diffusion.
 In the placenta, the blood of the fetus flows close
to the blood of the mother and do not mix:
a) the mother’s blood flows under high pressure
that could harm the delicate blood vessels of
the fetus if they did mix
b) if the mother has different blood groups with
the fetus it can cause blood clot of the fetal
blood if the mother’s blood flowed into it’s
blood vessels.

The placenta

The fetus is attached to
the placenta by the
umbilical cord as shown
below. It is surrounded
by the amniotic sac
which is filled with
amniotic fluid; this
protects the fetus from
knocks and bumps.
The placenta continues to grow during fetus
developing.
 After the baby has been born the placenta,
amniotic sac and umbilical cord are expelled
from the uterus as the afterbirth.

The role of placenta
This disc-shaped organ has a number of
functions:
1. Exchange of soluble materials such as foods,
wastes and oxygen between mother and fetus
2. Protection:
a) of fetus from mother’s immune system
b) Againts dangerous fluctuations in mother’s
blood pressure
3. Secretion of hormones which maintain the
lining of the uterus

The role of placenta
Umbilical cord: contains blood vessels which
carry materials for exchange between mother
and fetus. The cord connects the fetus to
placenta
 Amnion: the membrane that encloses the
amniotic fluid. This is ruptured just before birth.
 Amniotic fluid: protect the fetus against:
a) Mechanical shock
b) Drying out
c) Temperature fluctuations.

The placenta protects and
nourishes the developing fetus
Ante-natal care and birth
Care before birth is vital for the health of
the fetus while it is in the womb.
 The mother needs to have a balanced
diet so the fetus obtains all the nutrients
it needs for fetus growth and
development

Nutritions
A pregnant woman need to ensure that she
gets adequate quantities of:
1. Calcium : for the bones of the fetus
2. Iron :both mom and fetus need extra iron to
make more haemoglobin, the substance in
red blood cells that carries oxygen
3. Carbohydrate :give energy to move around
the heavier body of the mother
4. Protein: provide amino acid to make new
tissues for both fetus and mom (the mother
make muscle tissue in the uterus while the
fetus is also grow and develop)

Birth
A few weeks before birth
the fetus will turn over
inside the uterus. This
position its head above
the cervix
 an oxytocyn hormone
that released from
pituitary gland of the
mother will stimulate the
uterus muscles to
contract

Birth
The mother starts to feel
small contraction of the
uterus wall. This is the
beginning of labour
 The contraction becomes
stronger and more
frequent that slowly strech
the opening of the cervix
and the amnion breaks,
allowing the amniotic fluid
to escape.

Birth
The muscles of the uterus wall now
contract very strongly and start to push
the baby toward the cervix.
 The cervix widens and push the baby’s
head through the vagina
 As soon a it is born the baby breathes
for the first time
 The umbilical cord is tied and cut above
the point where it attaches to the baby.

Birth

After a few minutes the placenta comes
away from the uterus wall. It is pushed
out of the vagina as the afterbirth.
Breastfeeding
• During pregnancy, the gland in the
mother’s breasts will enlarge to
produce milk.
• Breastmilk contains antiodies as a
passive immunity to the diseases
that the mother has had recently
• The antibodies remain in the child’s
blood while it is breastfed and for a
short time afterwards.
• Breastfeeding also enables a close
bond between mom and the baby
Breastfeeding
Children who are breastfed are less likely to
develop certain diseases such as childhood
cancers and diabetes
 Mothers are less likely to develop cancers of
breast, womb and ovaries
 Unlike breast milk that does not cost money
and always in sterile condition, formula milk
(powdered milik) is quite expensive and
needs to be mixed with water in sterile
condition.

No Breastfeeding
Bottle-feeding
(formula mik)
1.
Create a close bond between
mother and baby
No close bond
2.
Costs less or no money
Costs money or expensive
3.
Provide antibodies as passive
immunity
No passive immunity
4.
Need private place
Convenient in every place
even in public place
5.
Ready to serve
Needs to be mixed with
sterile water and placed in
sterile bottle