Transcript Slide 1

UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
Muscle contraction
Requires energy
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
This is produced by chemical
breakdown of ATP
Links
Diagram/Table
ATP
ADP + P
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
There is a limited supply of ATP in muscle cells
(it’s usually used up after 3 – 5 seconds of exercise)
For exercise to continue, ATP has to
be re-generated from ADP using
energy obtained from other sources.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
ADP + P
ATP
Links
Note: ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
P: Phosphate
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
There are 3 sources (energy systems) that the
body can use:
1.ATP/ PC or CP System
Anaerobic Pathway
Information/Discussion
2. Lactic Acid System
Practical Application
Links
Aerobic Pathway
3. Aerobic System
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
1. The CP (Creatine Phosphate) System
CP – Stored in Muscles
Combines with ADP to re-build ATP
Immediate source of energy
Information/Discussion
Limited source – lasts up to 10/15 seconds
Practical Application
Very important for bursts of explosive speed
Links
Suitable for short duration events: 100m, throwing/ jumping athletic
events. Phases of team game play.
Diagram/Table
Replenishing stores of CP takes up to 6 minutes of recovery after
end of exercise
Activity
CP: Creatine Phosphate
C - Creatine
ADP + CP = ATP + C
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Energy Systems
2. LACTIC ACID SYSTEM
Glycogen made from glucose obtained from digested food present in all
cells of the body – muscles, liver
When glycogen breaks down it releases pyruvic acid and energy.
This energy is used to re-build ATP from ADP and P
This system is anaerobic – no O2
Information/Discussion
Pyruvic acid is easily removed when O2 is available
Where there is little O2 it is changed into lactic acid
Practical Application
Muscles fail to contract fully - fatigue
Links
Energy from this source lasts longer – up to three minutes before build up
of lactic acid prevents further energy production
Suitable for athletes – 200m – 800m. Games players who need to
keep up continuous short bursts of activity
Diagram/Table
Takes about 20 – 60 minutes to remove accumulated lactic acid
after maximal exercise
Activity
ADP + glycogen = ATP + Pyruvic acid
(or pyruvic acid without O2)
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Energy Systems
3. AEROBIC SYSTEM
For longer events – muscles must work aerobically. O2 present
This system can take the pyruvic acid produced when glycogen
breaks down and turns it into more energy rather than lactic acid
Information/Discussion
Supplies energy to athletes who are working sub-maximally
at 60 – 80% of maximum effort and can take in
a constant supply of O2
Practical Application
This system provides most of the energy required
for physical activity lasting longer than about 3 minutes
– long distance activity – runners/ cyclists – Games Players
Links
Diagram/Table
ADP + Glycogen = ATP + Pyruvic acid
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
3. AEROBIC SYSTEM
Graph to Show – Energy Released over Time
% of maximum
rate of energy
production
ATP Store
Information/Discussion
ATP-PC System
Lactic Acid System
Aerobic System
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
2sec
10sec
1min
2hrs
time
Revision
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
Characteristics of the 3 Energy Systems
Energy
System
Aerobic/
Anaerobic
Fuel/
Energy
Source
ATP/
PC
Anaerobic
ATP/ PC
Lactic
Acid
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Aerobic
Exercise
intensity
Duration
Creatine
High
(Flat Out)
10 – 15
Seconds
Sprinting,
athletic field
events,
weight-lifting.
Small muscular
stores of ATP and
PC are exhausted
quickly leading to
a rapid decline in
immediate energy.
Glycogen
Glucose
Pyruvic
Acid/
Lactic Acid
High
Intensity
Up to 3
minutes
400m
800m
Racket
sports.
Lactic acid is a
by-product and
can cause rapid
fatigue.
Fat/
glucose
mixture
Water/
CO2
Low
3
minutes
onwards
Long
distance
running/
cycling.
This system is
limited by
availability of O2
By-product
Sporting
Examples
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
NOTES
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
Characteristics of the 3 Energy Systems
• The importance of each source of energy for physical activity
depends on:
1. Type of physical activity.
2. Intensity of physical activity.
3. Duration of physical activity.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
• In many aspects of physical activity the 3 energy systems work
together at different times to supply the particular type of energy
needed.
Diagram/Table
Activity
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Energy Systems
Oxygen Debt
• When all the ATP required for muscular contraction cannot be
supplied AEROBICALLY, the lactic acid system takes over.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
• The side-effect of the body using this system is that there is a
build-up of lactic acid in the muscles and CP stores are depleted
– causing fatigue.
• After strenuous exercise the following have to be completed:
1.O2 stores replaced.
2.ATP replenished.
3.Lactic acid removed.
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
• The need for extra O2 after strenuous exercise is known as the
O2 DEBT.
• The body pays off this O2 debt by gulping air into the lungs and
panting. As a result, the lactic acid is turned into CO2 and water.
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
Training Energy Systems
Individuals, teachers, coaches need to have a knowledge of
energy systems to:
Identify needs / demands of the physical activity.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Aerobic
Act upon those needs
Anaerobic
train correctly
Continuous training
Links
Interval training
Different methods:
• Fartlek
• Weight training
• Circuit training
• Flexibility training
• Plyometrics
Diagram/Table
Activity
To help in training effectively
we should be able to use
MHR (MAXIMUM
HEART RATE) ) and VO2 MAX
to establish the identified
Training Zones
and Training Thresholds.
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UNIT 1 - Information
Energy Systems
Training Energy Systems
1.
2.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
To establish TRAINING ZONES the MHR has to be decided:
MHR Males = 220 – AGE
To gain AEROBIC fitness the exercise should be maintained between 60 and 80% of
the established MHR.
e.g. 20 year old man
220 – 20 = 200
AEROBIC TRAINING THRESHOLD = 60% OF 200 = 120 HR
ANAEROBIC TRAINING THRESHOLD = 80% OF 200 = 160 HR
3.
AEROBIC THRESHOLD is the level of exercise where the intensity is sufficient to
produce a training effect.
4.
ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD is the point where the Aerobic Mechanisms become
overloaded and anaerobic metabolism begins to play a major role.
5.
The thresholds do vary (marginally).
6.
The training zone between 60 and 80% MHR is known as the AEROBIC TRAINING
ZONE.
7.
Exercising in the zone above the Anaerobic Training Threshold – 80% MHR, means
you are in the ANAEROBIC TRAINING ZONE.
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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Energy Systems
Graph to show how the heart rate can be used to establish training
zones and thresholds (For a 16 year old boy)
220
B – Anaerobic Training Zone
Information/Discussion
A
210
A - MHR
200
D – Aerobic Training Zone
190
F – No Improvement Zone
180
C – Anaerobic Training Threshold
B
170
E – Aerobic Training Threshold
C
G – Resting Heart Rate
160
Practical Application
Heart Rate
Beats per
minute
(BPM)
Links
150
140
D
130
E
120
110
100
Diagram/Table
F
90
Activity
80
G
70
(Resting
heart rate)
60
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Energy Systems
The energy continuum:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Information/Discussion
5.
Small group/ larger group activity likely to involve different energy
systems e.g. a game situation.
Discussion in advance to consider different systems and their uses.
Recording of performances for analysis and discussion.
Partner and group recording of activity and uses being made of the energy
systems during the game.
Data analysis of findings linked to training methods and sport specific
demands.
Practical Application
Heart Rate Monitoring:
Links
Diagram/Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pupils lead a warm up for a specific activity.
Pupils introduce and develop a skill micro session.
Heart rate monitoring taking place during each phase of the session.
Observation, analysis and discussion of the visible effects/ changes taking
place.
Activity
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Energy Systems
Example of energy systems used in a team game:
Netball Energy Systems:
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
•
•
•
•
•
•
Consider the type of preparation required for netball.
Pupil led warm up and pupil led skill micro session.
Review of the energy systems and their effects on performance.
Consider sport specific energy requirements linked to nutrition and
hydration strategies.
Record netball game and analyse in relation to quality of
performances, positional responsibilities and the different energy
demands being made.
Consider the effects of intensity and duration of the activity e.g.
sprinting, feint dodge, walking back to the restarting of play, and link
to energy systems/ positional responsibilities.
Activity
Any physical activity could be used.
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
Energy Systems
•
Pupils establishing a training programme based on:
Identified needs
Aerobic / anaerobic pathways
Information/Discussion
Principles of training
Practical Application
Monitoring the programme
Using heart rate to establish training zones and
thresholds
Links
Diagram/Table
Healthy lifestyles
Performance
Activity
Correct Training Methods
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
Energy Systems
How Heart Rate can Illustrate the Effect of Physical Activity
Heart Rate
(beats per
140
minute)
Recovery Period
130
120
110
Information/Discussion
100
90
Practical Application
80
70
Links
60
Diagram/Table
Normal
50
heart rate
0
Start of
swim
Activity
1
2
3
4
5mins
End of
swim
Study the graph and answer the questions that follow.
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
Energy Systems
How Heart Rate can Illustrate the Effect of Physical Activity
The graph above illustrates the hear rate of a swimmer during a
100 metre race at the following stages:
(i) normal; (ii) start; (iii) halfway; (iv) end of swim; (v) recovery.
Press to see
graph again
Use the graph to answer the following questions.
Information/Discussion
i.
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
By how many beats had the heart rate risen from normal to the end
of the swim?
By how many beats had the heart rate increased from start to the
halfway stage?
For how many minutes from the end of the swim did the heart rate
continue to rise?
During which minute was the biggest rise in heart rate?
What was the heart rate at the end of the swim?
Explain why the heart rate increased before the start of the race.
Select one test which measures a component of physical fitness.
Explain its purpose and conclusions that can be drawn from the results.
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Energy Systems
Training Zones / Thresholds
200
Pulse Rate
(beats per minute)
190
Exercise Heart Rate Upper and Lower
Limits Of Training Heart Rate Target
180
170
160
Information/Discussion
150
140
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Look at this
graph of the
recommended
minimum and
maximum
training heart
rates in beats
per minute and
answer the
questions which
follow.
130
120
110
100
90
Age in years
20
30
40
50
60
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
Energy Systems
Training Zones / Thresholds
Press to see
graph again
i.
ii.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
What is the safe maximum training heart rate for a 20-year old?
What is the difference between maximum training and minimum
training heart rate for a 35 year old?
iii. What is the difference between the maximum training heart rate for a
50 year old and a 30 year old?
iv. What is the difference between the maximum training heart rate for a
60 year old and a 25 year old?
v. What is the minimum training heart rate for a 40 year old?
vi. Why is it important to work within the training zone for a given group?
Diagram/Table
By working on this graph, pupils can use their own MHR
to understand the importance of training correctly.
Activity
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
Energy Systems
Effects of Lactic Acid Concentration in the Blood
The effects of strenuous exercise on
lactic acid concentration in the blood
100
Lactic Acid concentration
(per mg per 100cm 3 blood) 80
60
40
20
Information/Discussion
Time (min)
10
20
30
40
50
60
Practical Application
Look at this graph and answer the questions which follow.
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
i.
How much did the lactic acid concentration increase during the period of exercise?
ii. What was the level of concentration of lactic acid at the 30 minute point?
iii. What time after the start of the exercise did the level of concentration of lactic acid
read 44 mg per 100cm3?
iv. Was the concentration of lactic acid cleared at the 60 minute point?
v. What was the level of concentration of lactic acid at the15 minute point?
vi. What causes the increase of concentration of lactic acid in the blood?
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Links
Energy Systems
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cardiovascular system
Cardio-respiratory system
Intensity/ duration of exercise
Short term effects of exercise on the systems of the body
Long term effects of exercise on the systems if the body
Principles of training
Methods of training
Heart rate/ VO2
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
1. During the course of a team game, players would use all three energy
systems.
Name a team and describe specific situations in which each of the
energy systems would be used.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
2. Below is a table showing some characteristics of three energy systems
used in sporting activity.
Tick () the energy system which is appropriate for each characteristic.
Characteristics of energy systems
ATP-PC
Lactic Acid
Aerobic
Used mainly in very high intensity, short duration
activities of up to 10 seconds and in the very
early stages of exercise.
Used mainly in very high intensity exercise
of between 10 seconds and 3 minutes in
duration.
Used mainly during prolonged, low intensity of
exercise.
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
3. Identify one factor which can determine the main energy system used
in any sporting activity.
4. Complete the table summarising the energy systems below:
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Energy
system
Aerobic or
Anaerobic
Write the chemical equation
summarising this process
Any byproducts
How long can
we use it for?
Creatine
Phosphate
(CP)
Links
Lactic Acid
Diagram/Table
Aerobic
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
5. Study the images below. Suggest which energy system each athlete
would predominantly use during performance and why.
A
B
C
Information/Discussion
Long Jumper
Practical Application
Diagram
Links
Marathon Runner
Energy system
400m Sprinter
Reason
A
B
Diagram/Table
Activity
C
6. Select one energy system and explain how ATP is recreated using this
system. You may choose to use a diagram to assist your explanation.
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
7. The table below shows a number of activities that are common to many
games. For each activity identify the main energy system that would be
used.
ACTIVITY
MAIN ENERGY SYSTEM
Jogging
Information/Discussion
Kicking
Sprinting
Practical Application
Counter attacking
Links
8. The energy system used for any sporting activity depends on which
two factors?
Diagram/Table
Activity
9. How could an understanding of the energy systems help a teacher/
coach of a sports team train his/ her players?
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
10. “During maximum effort, such as sprinting, muscles need a lot of
energy quickly but oxygen (O2) cannot reach the muscles fast enough”.
Which energy system is best used to provide the necessary fuel for
such an activity?
11. Explain the term oxygen debt?
Information/Discussion
12. The following table lists a number of activities that a hockey player may
perform in a game. Decide which energy system would be used to
provide energy for them.
Practical Application
Activity
Energy System used
Taking on a defender over 10 metres.
Links
Jogging back after an attack.
Counter attacking immediately after sprinting back 60m to defend.
Diagram/Table
A keeper diving for the ball then returning to their feet.
An attacker waiting on the half way line while his team defends a short corner.
Activity
A defender holding a defensive position when his team are attacking.
Closing down an attacker and tackling.
Losing a defender with a change of pace.
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
13. “During maximum effort, such as sprinting, muscles need a lot of
energy quickly but oxygen (O2) cannot reach the muscles fast enough”.
Which energy system is best used to provide the necessary fuel for
such an activity?
Activity
Aerobic / Anaerobic
Long distance running
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Marathon running
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Long jump
Aerobic
Anaerobic
A gymnastics vault
Aerobic
Anaerobic
A 50m sprint swim
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Javelin throw
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Click box
once for
Anaerobic,
twice for
Aerobic
14. Explain why many sporting activities can be described as both Aerobic
and Anaerobic.
Activity
15. What is the advantage to a team game player of having a high VO2 Max?
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
16. Explain what is meant by anaerobic threshold.
17. Which energy systems would be the main provider of energy in a:
smash in Tennis,
60 second rally in Tennis.
Information/Discussion
18. (i) Explain the meaning of the term VO2 Max.
Practical Application
(ii) Give two benefits for a sportsperson of having a high VO2 max.
Links
19. (i) Give a sporting example of anaerobic activity.
Diagram/Table
Activity
(ii) Why is lactic acid produced during anaerobic activity?
20. What happens to an athlete’s performance as lactic acid builds up?
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
% Blood Lactic Acid Removed
21. The graph shows the rate of lactic acid removal after exercise.
100
Activity
A
B
60
40
20
20
Links
Diagram/Table
80
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Recovery Time
(minutes)
(i) Which athlete recovered first?
(ii) How long did it take the other athlete to remove all lactic acid from his body?
(iii) How much lactic acid had been removed by A after 1 hour’s recovery?
(iv) How much lactic acid had been removed by B after 1 hour’s recovery?
(v) What is the difference in full recovery time between the two athletes?
(vi) There is evidence on the graph to suggest why one athlete recovered quicker
than the other during recovery time. Explain the evidence.
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
22. The graph below shows the heart rate of a 15 year old athlete during a
training session.
205
X
164
Y
A
Heart 123
rate
(bpm)
Information/Discussion
Z
60
Practical Application
5
Warm up
5 minutes
Links
Diagram/Table
10
15
20
25
Exercise – 30 minutes
i.
What heart rate is indicated at 205 bpm?
ii.
What threshold is identified at Z?
30
35
40
Cool down
5 minutes
iii. What is the name given to training zone A?
Activity
iv. What type of sporting activity could the athlete be training for?
v.
What physical fitness component is being developed in this session?
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
23. The graph below shows the heart rates (X,Y and Z) for three different performers.
250
200
Heart
rate
(bpm)
X
Y
Z
150
Information/Discussion
100
50
Practical Application
Time
Links
Diagram/Table
Which heart rate would be appropriate for
(i) a 100 metre sprinter and
(ii) a games player?
Give reasons for your answers.
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
24. The graph below shows the heart rate of two 16 year old athletes when
training at the same intensity.
180
Athlete A
Heart 120
rate
(bpm)
90
Information/Discussion
Athlete B
60
Practical Application
0
Links
Time (minutes)
30
i.
Which athlete is the fitter, A or B?
ii.
Using information from the graph to help you, give two reasons for your
answer.
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
25. The graph below shows the heart rate of a sportsperson recorded
during a training session.
MHR
200
180
160
140
Heart rate
120
Information/Discussion
Heart
100
rate
80
60
40
20
Practical Application
0
Training Session
Links
i.
What happens to the sportsperson’s heart rate during the training session?
ii.
What causes the heart rate to change in this way?
Diagram/Table
Activity
iii. What type of sporting activity do you think the sportsperson is training for?
Explain your answer.
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
26. The graph below shows the heart rate of an eighteen-year-old
badminton player during a game.
250
Heart Rate 200
Beats per 150
minute
(BPM)
100
Information/Discussion
50
Practical Application
Time (min)
5
10
15
20
Links
i.
Give two pieces if evidence to suggest that this player is a fit competitor.
ii.
Calculate the player’s maximum heart rate (MHR).
Diagram/Table
Activity
iii. What evidence is there to suggest that this player worked both aerobically
and anaerobically during the game?
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UNIT 1 - Activity
Energy Systems
27. The graph below shows how a sixteen-year-old sportsperson can use
heart rate to work out how hard to train.
Heart rate and training of a sixteen-year-old sportsperson:
i. What heart rate is indicated at 204 bpm (A)?
Information/Discussion
ii. What threshold is indicated at 163 bpm (C)?
Practical Application
iii. What threshold is indicated at 122 bpm (E)?
Links
iv.In which training zone does lactic acid build up quickly? Is it B, D or F?
Diagram/Table
v.How does lactic acid build up affect training time and recovery time?
vi.Which training zone is important for improving aerobic fitness? Is it B, D or F?
Activity
vii.Explain why training zone F has little effect on aerobic fitness?
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UNIT 1 – Key Facts/Glossary
Energy Systems
Muscle contraction
ATP
Energy Needed
(CP System – Lactic Acid System) – Aerobic System
Information/Discussion
Anaerobic Pathway
Aerobic Pathway
Practical Application
• Needs of individual – physical activity – health/ competitive?
Links
• Intensity/ duration of physical activity
Diagram/Table
Activity
• Oxygen debt – lactic acid – fatigue – performance
• Training correctly to meet identified needs/ demands
• Heart rate – links with VO2 – establishing – training zones and thresholds
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